This report examines the economic effects of formal military vocational training and on-the-job training acquired while working in a military specialty. The hypothesis advanced is that investments in different types of military training have a significant effect on productivity and thus on wages if individuals are employed in civilian occupations in which they are able to use skills acquired during their military services. The findings of the study support the economic and statistical significance of military training in explaining differences in the postservice wages of separates. (Formal vocational training in the military tends to have a significantly positive effect on postservice wages if individuals enter civilian occupations related to their military specialties. On the other hand, on-the-job training in military specialties parallel to the current civilian occupations of separatees does not have a significantly positive effect on the postservice opportunities of separatees.) The report also offers evidence on several related issues. Using data on the type and amount of both civilian and military formal and informal vocational training acquired by individuals in the sample, the study evaluates the extent to which the returns to various types of training were overestimated or underestimated by previous studies. The appendixes provide information on sample selection and data, characteristics of separatees by employment status, and characteristics of separatees by occupational groups. A selected bibliography is also included. (WL)