This report compares the roles and utilization of women in science and technology in the Soviet Union and the United States. Changes in demographic and population data in both countries during this century are examined and compared. Differences in policies and organization of scientific enterprises are also examined and used in comparing the participation of women in scientific and professional occupations in the two countries. Results of the analysis indicate that over the last 30 years, Russian women have been educated and have achieved all but the highest offices equally with men. The authors observe that use of women's capacities is essential to the Soviet economy, and that if any change in women's status should be expected in the USSR, it will be one of declining need for women in the work force. By contrast, the status of women in the United States is changing from one in which their talents have been untapped or underdeveloped. It is conjectured that societal changes in the United States will cause an increase in the proportion of women in the professions. (SD)