The booklet presents an historical review and a description of the 2 cultural groups of Indians--Iroquoian and Algonkian--which inhabited Ontario in pre-European times. According to the document, the Iroquoian culture evolved over a period of at least 2000 years in the fertile land of the eastern Great Lakes region; the Algonkians inhabited the rugged uplands of eastern Canada, an area ill-adapted to agriculture but teeming with game. A discussion is presented on the arrival of the French and British explorers as well as Roman Catholic, Anglican, Methodist, and Moravian missionaries and the resulting changes brought about in the Indian cultures. The document also includes a history of treaties and alliances during European colonization of Canada and the northern part of the American Colonies. It is noted that, in more modern times, the Indians of Ontario showed their traditional spirit of loyalty by enlisting in the Canadian Armed Forces during World War I and World War II. Also included is a description of early efforts to educate the Indians. (EJ)