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Descriptors:
Student Projects; Laptop Computers; Heat; Equipment; Class Activities; Technology Education; Ventilation; Safety

Abstract:
Although the author's netbook computer--a diminished capacity laptop computer--uses less power than its big brother, when working with it on his lap, his thighs are roasted, even in the winter. When using the unit on a flat surface, such as a table top, the bottom surface of the computer and table top become quite warm--and it is generally acknowledged that semiconductor life is diminished by high operating temperatures. Many students may encounter these concerns with laptops or netbooks of their own. This article offers a solution that they can easily make: a laptop (or netbook) riser. (Contains 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Anatomy; Medical Schools; Educational Facilities Design; Medical Education; Curriculum Development; Integrated Curriculum; Educational Technology; Laboratory Procedures; Laboratory Equipment; Ventilation

Abstract:
The anatomy curriculum at Namibia's first, and currently only, medical school is clinically oriented, outcome-based, and includes all of the components of modern anatomical sciences i.e., histology, embryology, neuroanatomy, gross, and clinical anatomy. The design of the facilities and the equipment incorporated into these facilities were directed toward simplification of work flow and ease of use by faculty, staff, and students. From the onset, the integration of state of the art technology was pursued to facilitate teaching and promote a student-centered pedagogical approach to dissections. The program, as realized, is comprised of three 16-week semesters with seven hours of contact time per week, namely three hours of lectures and four hours of dissection laboratory and microscopy time. Set outcomes were established, each revolving around clinical cases with integrated medical imaging. The design of the facility itself was not constrained by a legacy structure, allowing the School of Medicine, in collaboration with architects and contractors, to design the building from scratch. A design was implemented that allows for the sequential processing of cadaveric material in a unidirectional flow from reception, to preparation, embalming, storage, dissection, and maceration. Importantly, the odor of formaldehyde typically associated with anatomy facilities was eliminated outside of the dissection areas and minimized within via a high-performance ventilation system. By holistically incorporating an integrated curriculum, facility design, and teaching at an early stage, the authors believe they have created a system that might serve as a model for new anatomy programs. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
School Construction; Heat; Lighting; Energy; Energy Conservation; Energy Management; Ventilation

Abstract:
Glazing can be optimized to enhance passive solar heating and daylight harvesting by exceeding the prescriptive limits of the energy code. This savings can be garnered without the high cost of external overhangs or expensive glazing products. The majority of savings from solar glazing are attributable to the increase in solar heating and secondarily to daylight illumination. Glazing with high solar gains can have a compelling advantage over code-compliant conventional glazing with low solar gains. In this article, the author discusses how solar glazing can benefit schools, and offers tips for school construction. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Ventilation; Mechanics (Physics); Pollution; Data Collection; Motion; Physics; Equations (Mathematics); Science Experiments; Scientific Concepts; Heat

Abstract:
The objective of the study was to determine the hydrodynamics of the two stage counter-current cascade wet scrubbers used during incineration of medical waste. The dependence of the hydrodynamics on two main variables was studied: Inlet air flow rate and inlet liquid flow rate. This study introduces a new wet scrubber operating features, which are liquid accumulation, together with a detailed analysis of liquid-to-gas ratio and pressure drops. Liquid accumulation at the base of each scrubber helps to prevent the gas from short circuiting to the scrubber solution feed tanks. It was observed that liquid accumulation increases linearly with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate beyond 0.2 L/s in the absence of flue gas flow. When flue gas is flowing into multistage wet scrubber the accumulation level increases abruptly starting from inlet scrubbing liquid of 0.45 L/s and stabilizes at accumulation level of 0.1 m beyond 0.75 L/s. Increasing the flue gas flow rate increases the minimum inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate at which initial accumulation was observed. The outlet scrubbing solution flow rate and liquid accumulation in the bottom of the scrubber increase as the inlet liquid flow rate increases. Beyond inlet liquid flow rate of 0.75 L/s, the outlet liquid flow rate does not increase any more, the wet scrubber enters flooding range, whereby, the volume of accumulated liquid increases faster with inlet scrubbing liquid flow rate. The maximum liquid-to-gas ratio was observed to be 1.9 L/m[superscript 3] and the minimum liquid-to-gas ratio was 0.1 L/m[superscript 3]. Based on liquid accumulation and minimum flooding conditions, the operating liquid-to-gas ratio was recommended to be 0.6 to 1.9 L/m[superscript 3], while the allowable inlet liquid flow rate ranged between 0.45 and 0.75 L/s, giving a constant accumulation of scrubbing liquid in the wet scrubber. The pressure drop across the wet scrubber remained constant at lower flow rate and increased linearly beyond U[subscript g] = 5 m/s. The maximum pressure drop of the multistage wet scrubber was 75 kPa. (Contains 10 figures and 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Library Facilities; Energy Conservation; Lighting; Ventilation; Building Design; Construction Materials; Best Practices; Facility Improvement; Construction (Process)

Abstract:
This article stresses the importance of building design above technology as a relatively inexpensive way to reduce energy costs for a library. Emphasis is placed on passive solar design for heat and daylighting, but also examines passive ventilation and cooling, green roofs, and building materials. Passive design is weighed against technologies that actively capture renewable energy. Best practice examples include new construction and retrofits. Active technologies for capturing renewable energies, such as photovoltaic panels, can be employed when passive solutions are not realistic due to limitations resulting from site selection. Building or remodeling an environmentally sustainable building is more costly than a conventional equivalent, but long-term savings in energy and maintenance can more than compensate for the initial investment. Passive solar heat is particularly compatible with library functionality because it invites natural light into living spaces and eliminates noise that would otherwise exist with forced-air HVAC systems. Practical suggestions for subtle improvements to existing buildings are offered in addition to more ambitious construction projects. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Developed Nations; Educational Facilities Design; School Buildings; Lighting; Public Education; Environmental Standards; Politics of Education; Educational History; Role of Education; Educational Trends; Acoustics; Educational Policy; Public Policy; Evaluation Criteria; Ventilation; School Construction; Educational Facilities Planning; Educational Facilities Improvement; School Expansion; School Safety; Structural Elements (Construction); Design Requirements; Facility Guidelines; Compliance (Legal); Building Design; Educational Environment; Classroom Design; Federal Legislation; Federal Regulation; Heat; Energy Conservation; Interior Space; Federal Programs

Abstract:
Public education is one of the central tasks of a democratic society, and the buildings that house this important task not only shape the way one teaches, but provide icons and symbols for the values people hold common as a society. Perhaps unsurprisingly, this context has placed school buildings squarely in a position of debate and innovation since the nation began, and school buildings continue to be the subject of careful study and debate today. Schools are influenced by political and social movements, new technologies and trends, the growing awareness of what makes one learn better and thus the notions of what makes a great school are constantly shifting and adapting to new ideas. This paper provides a brief history of the past century and a half of school design, focusing particularly on the systems that made schools livable and conducive to learning: lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, and acoustics. (Contains 14 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Ventilation; Climate Control; Energy Management; Heat; Pollution; Buildings; Administrators; Cost Effectiveness; Money Management; Conservation (Environment); Business

Abstract:
Building owners are caught between two powerful forces--the need to lower energy costs and the need to meet or exceed outdoor air ventilation regulations for occupant health and comfort. Large amounts of energy are wasted each day from commercial, institutional, and government building sites as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems replace indoor air with fresh outdoor air multiple times per day. Heating or cooling energy is continually wasted in the exhaust air stream, while new energy must be generated and used to condition entering outdoor air. Building owners who fail to capture this wasted energy will continue to incur high energy costs, negatively impacting asset values, profitability, and the ability to attract tenants, customers, or students with corporate or federally directed energy-efficiency mandates. To address this challenge, many building owners are turning to site-recovered energy technologies such as Energy Recovery Ventilation (ERV). Designed to operate with new or existing HVAC units, ERV technology provides an affordable means to simultaneously cut HVAC energy costs without compromising outdoor air ventilation requirements. (Contains 3 figures and 5 endnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Climate; Ventilation; Foreign Countries; Measurement; Science Education; Physical Sciences; Research; Chemistry; Universities

Abstract:
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are fully fluorinated hydrocarbons that are used as blood plasma substitutes, in medical imaging and in the cosmetics industry. Most are inert and can also be used as tracers for applications such as air flow. However, because of their C-F bonds and their longevity in the atmosphere, PFCs have large global warming potentials and are a current concern in terms of climate change. At present, their levels in the atmosphere are very low (parts per quadrillion, 1 in 10[superscript 15]) but, once released, they are immortal on human timescales. Measuring such low levels is difficult and methodologies developed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group at the University of Bristol are described. (Contains 3 figures and 1 table.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Design Requirements; Elementary Secondary Education; Hearing Impairments; National Standards; Acoustics; Classroom Design; Educational Facilities Improvement; Facility Improvement; Educational Improvement; Suprasegmentals; Ventilation; Climate Control; Public Schools; Colleges

Abstract:
In the past eight years, the design standards of classrooms have improved significantly. This movement was instigated by the introduction of the classroom acoustics standard in 2002 from the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), in collaboration with the Acoustical Society of America. The standard, formally known as ANSI S12.60, has become a design requirement within numerous state, county and local public school systems, and has been partially incorporated into both the LEED for Schools and Collaborative for High Performance Schools (CHPS) rating systems. These developments primarily have occurred in the K-12 environment and have had limited influence on higher-education institutions. Originally released in 2002, the ANSI S12.60 standard was revised and updated in 2010. The new version includes two parts covering the acoustical goals for permanent schools (Part 1); and relocatable (modular) classrooms (Part 2). These parts are intended to provide numerous benefits from the classroom acoustical design performance goals, including maximizing the intelligibility of the spoken word from teachers and students, improving the audibility for persons with hearing impairments, reducing distractions from activities outside of the classroom, promoting productivity and focus of students, and relieving the vocal stress and fatigue of instructors. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Energy Conservation; Performance Factors; Pollution; Climate Control; Facilities; Ventilation; Climate

Abstract:
Air filters perform an important function in commercial and institutional facilities. Because indoor air typically is two to five times more polluted than outdoor air, air filters are needed to remove respirable particles such as microorganisms, dust and allergens from the breathing air. In fact, air filters provide the primary defense for building occupants and HVAC equipment against indoor air pollutants. The extent to which filters remove airborne particles is referred to as filtration efficiency. When it comes to evaluating filtration efficiency, many people turn to the minimum efficiency reporting value, or MERV. MERV is assigned to filters based on their minimum fractional particle size efficiency, as determined under the ASHRAE 52.2 Standard. Although MERV does provide some basic information for evaluating filter performance, there is a more complete way to compare the filtration efficiencies of air filters: by reviewing the efficiency values that are included in the ASHRAE 52.2. test report. In addition to the performance factors measured under the ASHRAE 52.2 Test Standard, one may consider variables such as energy efficiency, moisture resistance and temperature limitations, and sustainability when selecting a filter. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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