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Descriptors:
Employed Parents; Family Work Relationship; Leaves of Absence; Parents; Public Policy; Retirement Benefits; Tax Credits; Unemployment Insurance

Abstract:
Although the Family and Medical Leave Act enabled some parents to take unpaid parental leave in order to fulfill family responsibilities, it did not cover all workers and did not provide workers the financial support to do so. This policy report calls for Congress to: require states to allow new parents who have been working to collect unemployment insurance; extend the Family and Medical Leave Act to cover all establishments with greater than 25 workers; expand the child tax credit to $2,000 for parents with children under the age of 1 year, when one parent is staying home with the child; and allow parents who take off work during the first 3 years of their childs life to later make up the tax free retirement contributions they missed. The report discusses the benefits of establishing strong parental bonds with infants, the decline in the number of stay-at-home parents, and parental leave policies in other nations. Three components of a national policy are then presented as a way to help parents stay home with their newborns for at least 6 months: boosting child tax credits, making up lost tax-free retirement contributions, and replacing a portion of income for stay-at-home parents. The report considers two arguments against parental paid leave related to its unfairness to individuals without children and contentions that the policy will hurt business. The policy report concludes by asserting that a change in national policy will benefit families and the nation. (Contains 42 endnotes.) (KB) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Client Characteristics (Human Services); Delivery Systems; Dislocated Workers; Education Work Relationship; Educational Needs; Employment Patterns; Employment Services; Individual Characteristics; Job Search Methods; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Labor Market; National Surveys; Participant Characteristics; Program Improvement; Public Agencies; Reentry Workers; Skill Development; Trend Analysis; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance

Abstract:
Data from national administrative and telephone surveys of nationally representative samples of unemployment insurance (UI) recipients who began collecting benefits in 1998 were analyzed to identify changes in the UI claimant population over the past 10 years and determine whether the time has come to retool the nation's reemployment services. The analysis established that, compared to their counterparts a decade earlier, 1998 UI recipients took longer to find a job, were less likely to become reemployed, and searched for work at lower rates. These changes were taken as evidence that the UI claimant population now contains a disproportionate number of workers with significant labor market problems including the need for technical skills, higher education levels and more skill development before reemployment. Despite the fact that UI recipients in 1998 were having difficulty finding jobs, they were less likely than recipients in 1988 to seek reemployment services from the Job Service or a one-stop career center shortly after beginning their UI claim. This decline was attributed to a combination of factors, the most important being the implementation of Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services systems in all states. The following ways of helping unemployed people return to work were suggested: (1) strengthen job search requirements for UI recipients; (2) increase revenues devoted to reemployment services; and (3) improve targeting of service delivery. (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adjustment (to Environment); Change Strategies; Comparative Analysis; Delivery Systems; Dislocated Workers; Economically Disadvantaged; Eligibility; Employment Programs; Employment Services; Federal Legislation; Federal State Relationship; Health Care Costs; Job Placement; Job Training; Policy Formation; Program Costs; Public Policy; Retraining; State Programs; State Regulation; Trend Analysis; Unemployment Insurance; Vocational Rehabilitation; Welfare Reform; Workers Compensation

Abstract:
Income replacement and reemployment programs in Michigan and its neighboring states were examined in the context of recent changes in federal policy regarding compensation and services for individuals who have lost their jobs or sustained job-related injuries. The analysis focused primarily on the following programs: (1) Unemployment Insurance (UI); (2) Workers' Compensation (WC); and (3) the cluster of reemployment and training programs that, since 1998, have come under the Workforce Investment Act. The analysis established that UI, Michigan Works!, and WC are unique among Michigan's programs because they replace lost earnings and deliver services to workers on a regular basis, whereas other programs intended to improve workers' well-being do so solely through regulation. UI and Michigan Works! are all becoming increasing contentious in the wake of welfare reform and the first recession in a decade. Although WC has been relatively free of controversy during the past decade, it, too, may be under increasing pressure as medical costs resume their rise. Despite the recent arguments regarding the generosity of their benefits and the appropriate extent of training for disadvantaged workers, UI, Michigan Works!, and WC have all gained widespread acceptance as essential to efficient funding of the labor market. (Thirteen figures/tables are included. The bibliography lists 57 references.) (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Employment Potential; Employment Programs; Foreign Countries; Job Skills; Labor Force; Public Policy; Retraining; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance

Abstract:
Interviews with 115 British job seekers explored the effectiveness of New Deal 25 Plus, a reformed government initiative for long-term unemployed. The program, especially one-to-one support, better addresses some aspects of the employability gap. However, to overcome long-term labor market detachment requires stronger commitment to training in real work environments and more flexible administration of unemployment benefits. (Contains 36 references.) (SK) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Eligibility; Job Application; Job Search Methods; Salary Wage Differentials; State Programs; Unemployment Insurance

Abstract:
Evaluation of changes in Maryland's unemployment insurance (UI) program found that duration and amount of UI receipt were reduced by requiring additional employer contacts or a job-search workshop; these requirements did not affect employment and earnings. However, eliminating employer contact requirements increased UI receipt and subsequent earnings, suggesting that delayed exit from UI improved job matches. (Contains 18 references.) (SK) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Attainment; Foreign Countries; Human Capital; Labor Market; Models; Statistical Bias; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance

Abstract:
Estimates for 14 European countries used three models introducing unemployment, youth unemployment, and unemployment benefits respectively. Differences in unemployment probabilities at different educational levels and youth unemployment both appear to be important for a better understanding of the incentive structure behind educational decisions. Standard estimates that do not account for unemployment may be substantially downward biased. (Contains 29 references.) (SK) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Access to Health Care; Adjustment (to Environment); Child Care; Employment Practices; Family Health; Family Work Relationship; Government Role; Health Insurance; Income; Job Security; Policy Formation; Population Trends; Public Policy; Retirement Benefits; Social Science Research; Unemployment Insurance; Wellness; Work Environment; Working Poor

Abstract:
This document contains two papers on connections between work and health and policy options for improving the health of working families. "Foreword" (James A. Auerbach) places the two papers in the context of recent research on the connections between work, family, and health. Chapter 1's overview addresses the changing nature of work, the new economy, and recent demographic trends. Chapter 2: The Impact of Work on Employees and Family Health examines the health effects of job security, income, work organization, health and pension benefits, work schedules, workplace stress, occupational health, socioeconomic status across the life course, and family and sick leave. Chapter 3: Policy Options outlines these three strategies: (1) focus on the individual and the job; (2) encourage the business sector to adopt supportive policies; and (3) develop and expand government policy. "Further Implications for Policy" (James A. Auerbach) weighs the effectiveness of work-life programs, family medical leave and paid leave, unemployment insurance, and childcare and elder care in improving the balance between work, family, and health. He concludes by urging policymakers to adopt policies based on the following principles: work redesign; paid leave and family care; reduced hours and flexibility; women in leadership positions, worker voice, community empowerment; and work-family councils. (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adult Basic Education; Adult Literacy; Blacks; Correctional Education; Dropouts; Economic Impact; Educational Policy; Educational Practices; Educational Research; Estimation (Mathematics); High School Equivalency Programs; Literacy Education; Measurement Techniques; Minority Groups; Nontraditional Education; Outcomes of Education; Research Methodology; Salary Wage Differentials; Unemployment Insurance; Whites

Abstract:
The impact of the General Educational Development certificate (GED) on the earnings of high school dropouts who seek the credential were estimated. The estimates were derived by using several different types of estimation methods to analyze data linking Florida GED test information with quarterly earnings records collected by Florida's Unemployment Insurance system. The study data set included basic demographics, quarterly earnings, and GED test scores of 81,170 individuals. Key findings were as follows: (1) acquiring a GED leads to greater quarterly earnings growth; (2) earning a GED increases the probability of having non-zero earnings; (3) higher scores on GED tests lead to higher earnings; (4) the economic return on the GED is approximately the same for whites and minority group members earning the credential outside prison, but it is relatively large for whites and much smaller for minority group members earning the credential while incarcerated. The following were among the study's implications: (1) substantial GED-related earnings differences occur over time rather than immediately; (2) the relatively large numbers of young black high school dropouts who obtain GEDs in prison appears to explain the GED's lesser economic impact for minority group members; and (3) acquiring a GED only partially tempers the harsh economic realities for high school dropouts. (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Client Characteristics (Human Services); Counseling Services; Decision Making; Delivery Systems; Dislocated Workers; Educational Demand; Employment Services; Evaluation Methods; Federal Legislation; Futures (of Society); Job Placement; Job Skills; Labor Force Development; Labor Turnover; Measurement Techniques; Organizational Objectives; Outreach Programs; Performance Factors; Policy Formation; Prediction; Profiles; Program Evaluation; Public Agencies; Public Policy; Reentry Workers; Self Employment; Skill Development; State Action; Statewide Planning; Statistical Analysis; Systems Approach; Training; Trend Analysis; Underemployment; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Welfare Recipients; Welfare Reform

Abstract:
This document contains 13 papers on targeting employment services. The following papers are included: "Targeting Employment Services under the Workforce Investment Act" (Stephen A. Wandner); "Predicting the Exhaustion of Unemployment Compensation" (Robert B. Olsen, Marisa Kelso, Paul T. Decker, Daniel H. Klepinger); "Evaluation of WPRS (Worker Profiling and Reemployment Services) Systems" (Katherine P. Dickinson, Paul T. Decker, Suzanne D. Kreutzer); "A Panel Discussion on the WPRS System" (Pete Fleming, Al Jaloviar, Helen Parker, Marc Perrett); "Profiling in Self-Employment Assistance Programs" (Jon C. Messenger, Carolyn Perterson-Vaccaro, Wayne Vroman); "Targeting Reemployment Bonuses" (Christopher J. O'Leary, Paul T. Decker, Stephen A. Wandner); "Measures of Program Performance and the Training Choices of Displaced Workers" (Louis Jacobson, Robert LaLonde, Daniel Sullivan); "Using Statistical Assessment Tools to Target Services to Work First Participants" (Randall W. Eberts); "Targeting Job Retention Services for Welfare Recipients" (Anu Rangarajan, Peter Schochet, Dexter Chu); "Targeting Reemployment Services in Canada: The Service and Outcome Measurement System (SMOS) Experience" (Terry Colpitts); "Predicting Long-Term Unemployment in Canada" (Ging Wong, Harold Henson, Arun Roy); "A Frontline Decision Support System for One-Stop Centers" (Randall W. Eberts, Christopher J. O'Leary, Kelly J. DeRango); and "A Panel Discussion of the Experience and Future Plans of States" (Rich Hobbie, Jim Finch, Chuck Middlebrooks, Jack Weidenbach). Several papers include substantial bibliographies. Most papers include one or more comments written by various individuals. (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Adult Education; Agency Role; Career Counseling; Coordination; Counseling Services; Dislocated Workers; Education Work Relationship; Educational Finance; Employment Patterns; Employment Services; Federal State Relationship; Financial Support; Job Layoff; Job Placement; Job Training; Labor Force Development; Models; Needs Assessment; Outplacement Services (Employment); Postsecondary Education; Program Development; Regional Planning; Retraining; Statewide Planning; Strategic Planning; Systems Approach; Unemployment; Unemployment Insurance; Vocational Education; Web Based Instruction

Abstract:
Faced with worker displacement stemming from a changing economy, states are acting to soften the economic impact of displacement on affected individuals and businesses. Key strategies and practices are as follows: (1) anticipating layoffs by analyzing economic and labor market trends (using data to anticipate layoffs; developing an early warning network to trigger services); (2) averting layoffs by mobilizing workforce and economic development resources (implementing business retention strategies; partnering with economic development agencies; promoting short-term compensation as an alternative to layoffs; increasing incumbent worker training); (3) helping dislocated workers find new jobs as quickly as possible through community partnerships and improved assessments (developing regional approaches to providing reemployment services; establishing broad-based partnerships to reemploy dislocated workers; developing new models to expedite reemployment); and (4) training laid-off workers for new jobs and careers by exploring flexible training strategies and drawing on various federal and state resources (designing flexible, demand-driven education and training programs; exploring e-learning options; implementing employer-focused, industry-based training; assembling training resources for multiple funding streams; providing tuition assistance to dislocated workers; using flexibility within unemployment insurance to provide training and offer extended income support). Forty-four selected state strategies for assisting dislocated workers and descriptions of nine tools for policymakers are appended. (Contains 10 endnotes.) (MN) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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