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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; High School Students; Grade 10; Grade 12; Recreational Activities; Reading Tests; Mathematics Tests; Reading Achievement; Computer Use; Video Games; Statistical Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Correlation; Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Abstract:
Historically, the relationship between student academic achievement and use of computers for fun and video gaming has been described from a multitude of perspectives, from positive, to negative, to neutral. However, recent research has indicated that computer use and video gaming may be positively associated with achievement, yet these studies have focused on small intact and qualitative samples. The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between academic achievement in high school and student use of computers for fun and video gaming using the large nationally representative ELS:2002 sample of students in grade 10 in 2002 and an independent effects two-level hierarchical linear model. Our results indicate that both student use of computers for fun and moderate levels of video gaming were positive and significant on cross-sectional reading and mathematics achievement assessments in high school, controlling for multiple covariates of achievement, but were not related to growth in mathematics from grade 10 to grade 12. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Item Analysis; Undergraduate Students; Goal Orientation; Prediction; Futures (of Society); Pretests Posttests; Scores; Reading Tests; Correlation; Statistical Analysis; Profiles

Abstract:
In this study, undergraduate students provided confidence ratings to predict future performance in answering questions drawn from the text before reading the text, after reading the text and after rereading the text. Self-reports of achievement goal orientations during reading and posttest scores were also collected. Student's calibration index was the comparison between their predicted posttest performance and actual performance in the posttest. Correlational analyses did not reveal any statistically detectable relationships between self-reported goal orientations and monitoring accuracy, except that bias scores were marginally related to goal orientations. Further cluster analyses and analyses of variance (ANOVA) also showed that student's multiple goal profiles failed to clearly differentiate the groups in terms of their calibration accuracy, yet performance-approach goals did distinguish overconfident from underconfident students. Plausible reasons for the finding were provided and implications for future research were also discussed. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Learning Disabilities; State Standards; Guidance; Special Education Teachers; Elementary School Students; Elementary School Teachers; Teacher Expectations of Students; Academic Standards; Reading Instruction; Reading Tests; Language Arts

Abstract:
The K-5 reading standards within the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards provide guidance to teachers about grade level expectations for students. Though the authors of the standards acknowledge that some students may experience difficulty reaching the rigorous expectations, they explain that the standards outline a pathway to proficiency for all students, including those who struggle with literacy. Students with learning disabilities, who often have significant literacy difficulties, may face particular challenges when their instruction is framed by these standards. This article unpacks the complex K-5 reading standards and provides a discussion of the implications for students with learning disabilities and their general and special education teachers. Examples from K-5 lessons and recommendations for teachers and researchers are provided. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
English (Second Language); Language Tests; Essay Tests; Factor Structure; Academic Discourse; Reading Comprehension; Listening Comprehension; Factor Analysis; Correlation; Scores; Listening Comprehension Tests; Reading Tests

Abstract:
The present study examined the factor structures across features of 446 examinees' responses to a writing task that integrates reading and listening modalities as well as reading and listening comprehension items of the TOEFL iBT[R] (Internet-based test). Both human and automated scores obtained for the integrated essays were utilized. Based on a series of preliminary factor analyses, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) identified a model that specified a higher order factor for comprehension. In the model, the Comprehension factor underlay factors representing content of the written essay as well as reading and listening comprehension. The Comprehension factor correlated with two writing factors--Productive Vocabulary and Sentence Conventions. Furthermore, follow-up CFA models with covariates (multiple indicators multiple causes models, or MIMIC models) were tested to compare performance between a group of 190 examinees scoring above a frequently used TOEFL iBT Total score requirement for international student admission and the other group of 128 examinees scoring below the requirement. The higher ability group performed significantly better than the lower ability group on all three constructs: Comprehension, Productive Vocabulary, and Sentence Conventions. The identification of the multiple distinct factors in this study may hold promise for obtaining writing profiles that inform instruction in contexts such as test preparation. (Contains 9 tables, 4 figure and 1 footnote.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Language Tests; Reading Processes; Reading Tests; Test Format; Integrated Activities; Reading Comprehension; Language Usage; Writing (Composition); English for Academic Purposes; Test Validity; Cognitive Processes; Foreign Students; English Language Learners; College Students

Abstract:
Integrated reading/writing tasks are becoming more common in large-scale language tests. Much of the research on these tasks has focused on writing through reading; assessing reading through writing is a less explored area. In this article we describe a reading-into-writing task that is intended to measure both reading comprehension and language use on an academic English test. The task involves responding to short-answer questions (SAQs) that require examinees to use their own words to state the main idea of a text, draw inferences, or synthesize information across multiple texts. The article presents results of a two-part study addressing the validity of this method of assessing reading by investigating the cognitive processes involved in responding to SAQs. First, we present the results of a qualitative study of five nonnative English-speaking students, who provided verbal protocols as they read the texts and responded to the SAQs. Next, we present data from a larger sample of students focusing specifically on the cognitive processes used when reading the texts for the purpose of responding to SAQs. Implications of the study for the validity of this method of testing are discussed. (Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Reading Tests; Reading Comprehension; Structural Equation Models; Ability; English (Second Language); Second Language Learning; Asians; College Students; Correlation; Questionnaires; Grammar; Learning Strategies; Metacognition; Role; Teaching Methods; Classification; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
This article investigates the relationships between test takers' strategy use and test performance on an EFL reading test. For this study 209 Chinese college students were invited to participate in a reading comprehension test and answer a 30-item strategy use questionnaire. Results showed that two factors underlay test takers' reading test performance: lexico-grammatical reading ability (LEX-GR) and text comprehension reading ability (TxtCOM). In addition, metacognitive strategy use had a significant and direct effect on cognitive strategy use, implying that the former performed an executive function over the latter. Monitoring strategies were found to have a significant effect on LEX-GR and evaluating strategies significantly affected TxtCOM, suggesting that metacognitive strategy use played an important role on the reading test. Pedagogical implications are also discussed. (Contains 6 tables, 6 figures, and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academically Gifted; Reading Achievement; Reading Instruction; Elementary School Students; Reading Comprehension; Reading Fluency; Magnet Schools; Scores; Talent; Oral Reading; Reading Tests; Individualized Instruction; Teaching Methods

Abstract:
This research examined the range of reading fluency and comprehension scores of 1,149 students in five diverse elementary schools, including a gifted and talented magnet school. Results revealed a range in reading comprehension across all schools of 9.2 grade levels in Grade 3, 11.3 in Grade 4, and 11.6 in Grade 5. A similar wide range of oral reading fluency scores was found across all elementary schools, as students scored from below the 10th percentile to above the 90th percentile. These results demonstrate the wide range of reading achievement in diverse populations of students, including gifted students, and the need for teachers to differentiate both reading content and instruction to enable all students to make continuous progress in reading. (Contains 5 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Curriculum Based Assessment; High Stakes Tests; Reading Achievement; Achievement Tests; Reading Tests; Reading Fluency; Middle School Students; Grade 7; Correlation; Scores

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between oral reading fluency and performance on a statewide reading achievement test for middle grades students. Participants in this study were 75 seventh grade students. One month before the students were administered the state test, each student read three probes from their current basal reader to determine an oral reading fluency rate. The Ohio Grade 7 Reading Test scores were correlated with oral reading fluency rates to determine the extent of the relationship between the results. Results support the use of oral reading fluency assessment as a valid tool for identifying students at risk of not passing the statewide reading achievement test. (Contains 1 figure and 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Reading Tests; Educational Assessment; Measurement; Longitudinal Studies; English Language Learners; Socioeconomic Status; Special Education; Reading Achievement; Achievement Gap; Disadvantaged; Elementary School Students; Middle School Students; High School Students; Individual Characteristics; Institutional Characteristics; Cohort Analysis; Federal Legislation; Educational Legislation; Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Abstract:
Eliminating inequity in public education is a central goal of the No Child left Behind (NCLB) act. Controlling for 3rd-grade performance, the impact of English language learner (ELL) status, socioeconomic status (SES), and special education (SPED) status on a cohort's reading performance was investigated from elementary to high school through a multilevel framework. Results in Hawaii show that the negative impact of low SES and SPED status persists up to high school, while the disadvantage of ELL status is restricted within the elementary grades. Moreover, individual characteristics, not school characteristics, have a dominant impact on future reading performance. Among individual characteristics, early performance is a crucial factor for future academic achievement. The findings show that educational policies that use incentives and sanctions such as NCLB to close achievement gaps may not be successful. (Contains 5 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Reading Tests; Reading Comprehension; Cognitive Processes; Models; Validity; Matrices; Protocol Analysis; Expertise; College Students; English (Second Language); Markov Processes; Monte Carlo Methods; Goodness of Fit

Abstract:
Cognitive diagnostic analyses have been advocated as methods that allow an assessment to function as a formative assessment to inform instruction. To use this approach, it is necessary to first identify the skills required for each item in the test, known as a Q-matrix. However, because the construct being tested and the underlying cognitive processes associated with it are usually not fully understood, establishing a Q-matrix, especially for an existing test, is a challenging task. This study reports the process of constructing and validating a Q-matrix for the reading comprehension section of the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery (MELAB). An initial Q-matrix was first generated based on evidence gathered from related literature, students' think-aloud protocols, and expert ratings. This initial Q-matrix was then validated empirically by applying the fusion model to a large MELAB data set. A well-supported Q-matrix was produced for potential future diagnostic applications. (Contains 10 tables and 4 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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