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Descriptors:
Nonformal Education; After School Education; Educational Research; Informal Education; Youth Programs; Photography; Radio; Computer Uses in Education; Art Activities; Music Activities; Film Production; Creative Activities; Leisure Time; Learning Theories; Advocacy; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Schools do not define education, and they are not the only institutions in which learning takes place. After-school programs, music lessons, Scouts, summer camps, on-the-job training, and home activities all offer out-of-school educational experiences. In "Learning at Not-School," Julian Sefton-Green explores studies and scholarly research on out-of-school learning, investigating just what it is that is distinctive about the quality of learning in these "not-school" settings. Sefton-Green focuses on those organizations and institutions that have developed parallel to public schooling and have emerged as complements, supplements, or attempts to remediate the alleged failures of schools. He reviews salient principles, landmark studies, and theoretical approaches to learning in not-school environments, reporting on the latest scholarship in the field. He examines studies of creative media production and considers ideas of "learning-to learn"--that relate to analyses of language and technology. And he considers other forms of in-formal learning--in the home and in leisure activities--in terms of not-school experiences. Where possible, he compares the findings of US-based studies with those of non-US-based studies, highlighting core conceptual issues and identifying what we often take for granted. Many not-school organizations and institutions set out to be different from schools, embodying different conceptions of community and educational values. Sefton-Green's careful consideration of these learning environments in pedagogical terms offers a crucial way to understand how they work. (Contains 17 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Student Motivation; Prevention; Health Behavior; Behavior Modification; Foreign Countries; Radio; Behavior Change; Programming (Broadcast); Sampling; Hygiene; Diseases; Sanitation

Abstract:
The National Blindness Prevention Program in Mali has broadcast messages on the radio about trachoma as part of the country's trachoma elimination strategy since 2008. In 2011, a radio impact survey using multi-stage cluster sampling was conducted in the regions of Kayes and Segou to assess radio listening habits, coverage of the broadcasts, community knowledge and behavior specific to trachoma and facial cleanliness of children. Radio access and listening were high, with 60% of respondents having heard a message on the radio about trachoma. The majority of respondents knew about trachoma, its root causes, its impact on health and prevention measures. Additionally, 66% reported washing their children's faces more than or equal to twice/day and 94% reported latrine disposal of feces. A high percentage of persons who gave a positive response to knowledge and behavior questions reported hearing the trachoma messages on the radio with 60% reporting that the radio is where they learned about trachoma. There was no significant difference in facial cleanliness when comparing children whose primary caregiver had/had not heard the trachoma messages. Next steps include revising the current messages to include more focused behavior change messaging and to engage in a more robust use of community radios. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Suprasegmentals; Acoustics; Syllables; Vowels; Phonology; Romance Languages; Radio; Speech; Comparative Analysis; Intonation; Cues; Articulation (Speech); Language Rhythm

Abstract:
A common feature of public speech in Catalan is the placement of prominence on lexically unstressed syllables ("emphatic stress"). This paper presents an acoustic study of radio speech data. Instances of emphatic stress were perceptually identified. Within-word comparison between vowels with emphatic stress and vowels with primary lexical stress reveals that the former are characterized by having a high tone, higher F0 scaling, and greater intensity, but shorter duration with respect to lexically stressed vowels. Emphatic stress can thus be characterized as anchoring an intonational pitch accent on a lexically unstressed syllable. When this phenomenon occurs, primary lexical stress is still cued by duration. Compared with other lexically unstressed vowels, vowels with emphatic stress have greater duration and intensity, and less vowel centralization. Thus, vowels are hyperarticulated when bearing emphatic stress. In particular, schwa is more open, without merging with /a/. Regarding the distribution of emphatic stresses, the most common pattern observed is binary or rhythmic ("les institucions" "the institutions"), with emphatic stress occurring two syllables before the primary stress. Less frequently, emphatic stress appears on the first syllable of the prosodic word ("nacionalitats" "nationalities"), occasionally producing stress clash ("el marc" "the framework"). (Contains 9 notes, 10 tables and 13 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Information Technology; Terrorism; Outreach Programs; Emergency Programs; Correlation; Institutional Characteristics; Police; Public Agencies; National Security; Radio; Scores; Economic Climate

Abstract:
Different elements of local police agencies' terrorism preparedness may be associated with different organizational/environmental variables. We use 2003-2007 data (showing considerable adoption and desistance of practices) on medium-to-large-sized local agencies to examine relationships between contingency (vulnerability, organizational characteristics) and contagion (network/isomorphic influence) measures and preparedness elements, including terrorism special units, dedicated assignment of personnel, terrorism-related community outreach, computerized intelligence files, and interagency-shared radio frequencies. Modeling 2007 preparedness revealed consistencies and some differences in the associations between these measures and the different preparedness elements. The finding of no association between objective vulnerability score and any terrorism preparedness action particularly warrants further research attention. It will also be important to extend preparedness research into the recent period of economic recession. (Contains 10 notes and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Radio; Programming (Broadcast); Telecommunications; Models; Pragmatics; Validity; Criticism; Empathy; Institutional Environment; Discourse Analysis

Abstract:
This study investigates complaints and complaint responses in interactions between local citizens and the hosts of a live two-hour radio phone-in in Jordan devoted to receiving and handling complaints of a public nature. Using Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness model, the study examines the functions and patterns of complaints and the types of responses elicited from the hosts. Findings indicate that callers attempt to promote solidarity with the hosts in order to strengthen the validity of their complaints and increase their chances of receiving remedial action. Given the inherently face-threatening nature of complaints, the data show that there is often a considerable area of rapport building between callers and the hosts, achieved through such devices as praising remarks and use of informal address forms. In responding to the complaints, the hosts attempt to negotiate solidarity with callers by encouraging them to speak freely, using empathic remarks, and promising to transfer callers' problems to the authorities. These phone-in complaints are thus heavily constrained and shaped by the public institutional setting in which they are performed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Learning Strategies; Museums; Foreign Countries; Educational Environment; Elementary School Teachers; Elementary School Students; Computer Networks; Teaching Methods; Context Effect; Handheld Devices; Learning Activities; Integrated Activities; Case Studies; Intentional Learning; Radio; Identification; Equipment; Pretests Posttests; Surveys; Educational Technology

Abstract:
Context-awareness techniques can support learners in learning without time or location constraints by using mobile devices and associated learning activities in a real learning environment. Enrichment of context-aware technologies has enabled students to learn in an environment that integrates learning resources from both the real world and the digital world. Although learning outside of the traditional classroom is an innovative teaching approach, the two main problems are the lack of proper learning strategies and the capacity to acquire knowledge on subjects effectively. To manage these problems, this study proposes a context-aware ubiquitous learning system (CAULS) based on radio-frequency identification (RFID), wireless network, embedded handheld device, and database technologies to detect and examine real-world learning behaviors of students. A case study of an aboriginal education course was conducted in classrooms and at the Atayal u-Museum in Taiwan. Participants included elementary school teachers and students. We also designed and used a questionnaire based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theory to measure the willingness for adoption or usage of the proposed system. The experimental results demonstrated that this innovative approach can enhance their learning intention. Furthermore, the results of a posttest survey revealed that most students' testing scores improved significantly, further indicating the effectiveness of the CAULS. (Contains 4 tables and 6 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Radio; English Curriculum; Science Curriculum; Teacher Educators; Elementary School Teachers; Focus Groups; Science Activities; Elementary School Curriculum; Partnerships in Education; College School Cooperation; School Community Relationship; Community Involvement; Data Collection; Teacher Workshops; Inservice Teacher Education; Instructional Design; Lesson Plans; Units of Study; Educational Strategies; Environmental Education; Animals; Ornithology; Program Descriptions

Abstract:
Operation Magpie was a citizen science project that involved the community in collecting data about magpies. This article describes one aspect of the project from an education perspective. The study began with a collaboration of teacher educators, environmental scientists and a local radio station. After an initial workshop with 75 teachers, three teacher educators met regularly with 13 primary teachers who each volunteered to plan and teach a unit of work on birds. Meeting regularly in focus groups, the teachers shared their pedagogical strategies that supported students to connect with their local environment. Findings include the importance of focused professional learning for teachers through ongoing, needs-based support during the planning and teaching of the unit, and the innovative ways that teachers approached the unit. One unexpected finding was that teachers tended to identify student learning in terms of the English curriculum rather than the science curriculum. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Computer Assisted Instruction; Educational Technology; Assistive Technology; Engineering; Curriculum Development; Student Projects; Undergraduate Students; Engineering Education; Computer Software; STEM Education; Disabilities; Radio; Identification; Equipment; Higher Education; Undergraduate Study

Abstract:
Multidisciplinary projects involving electrical engineering (EE), mechanical engineering (ME), and computer engineering (CE) students are both exciting and difficult to conceptualize. Answering this challenge, this paper presents a multidisciplinary educational platform on radio frequency identification-based assistive devices. The combination of software, hardware, circuit, and mechanical design makes this platform an excellent choice for undergraduate student projects and curriculum development. Through working on these multidisciplinary projects, students will be able to study a complex engineering and technology system that: a) exposes them to applied and cutting-edge technologies, b) encourages them to participate in an integrated, multidisciplinary curriculum, and c) trains them in methods of applied technology and the skills necessary to transition from academic to professional environments. (Contains 6 figures and 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Pregnancy; Females; Health Promotion; Health Behavior; Health Education; Diseases; Foreign Countries; Cultural Influences; Child Health; Questionnaires; Mothers; Mortality Rate; Economic Factors; Poverty; Social Influences; Radio; Intervention; Program Development; Program Implementation; Health Personnel; Public Agencies; Nongovernmental Organizations

Abstract:
Background: Sierra Leone has high maternal mortality. Socio-ecological factors are considered contributing factors to this high mortality. Anemia is considered to be a direct cause of 4% of maternal deaths and an indirect cause of 20-40% of maternal deaths. Purpose: The current study explores socio-ecological contributing factors to the anemia status of 171 pregnant Sierra Leone women. Methods: A structured questionnaire framed around the Modified Ecological Model for Health Behavior and Health Promotion was distributed to women visiting five health care facilities in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Results: Participants were more likely to have anemia in the second and third trimester than the first trimester ([chi][superscript 2] = 6.12; [chi][superscript 2] = 6.33). Participants indicating economic difficulties were likely to have anemia. Seventy-seven percent of participants had anemia (hemoglobin less than 11.0g/dL). Discussion: Findings indicate that poverty, time of intervention, and socio-cultural factors have an impact on anemia. In addition, use of radio communication is beneficial to deliver health messages to the masses. Translation to Health Education Practice: Developing and implementing comprehensive programs that consider socio-cultural factors are necessary to raise awareness and address misconceptions about anemia causes, prevention, and treatment. These programs must be multi-sectored and include participants, health care workers, government, non-governmental agencies and community. (Contains 5 figures and 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Physics; Radio; Science Instruction; Scientific Concepts; Science Laboratories; Magnets; Energy; College Science; High Schools; Secondary School Science

Abstract:
The basic theory of radio broadcasting is discussed from an experimental point of view. First, concepts like wave modulation and tuning are explained with the use of instruments in the physics laboratory. Then, a very basic radio receiver is described and assembled, whose most important feature, like in the old "crystal radios", is the absence of a power supply. Even if the underlying general concepts are usually described in general physics classes at high school and university, for students this setup is a practical example of the application of electromagnetic waves. (Contains 8 figures and 12 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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