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Descriptors:
Eating Disorders; Eating Habits; Adolescents; Pathology; Depression (Psychology); Foreign Countries; Human Body; Self Concept; Longitudinal Studies; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Athletics; Individual Differences; Adolescent Development

Abstract:
Eating disorders, and related issues (e.g., body dissatisfaction, weight control behaviors), represent pressing and prevalent health problems that affect American adolescents with alarming frequency and potentially chronic consequences. However, more longitudinal research is needed to elucidate the developmental processes that increase or maintain risk for, and that protect against, eating- and weight-related problems among adolescents. Accordingly, the current study used longitudinal data from 1,050 male and female (68.0%) adolescents (Grades 9-11)--the majority of whom were European Americans (72.2%)--who participated in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to (a) describe trajectories of adolescents' eating pathology and body dissatisfaction, (b) identify individual and contextual correlates of these pathways, (c) examine whether trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction related to adolescents' depressive symptoms, and (d) elucidate whether sports participation moderated associations between specific trajectories of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction and adolescents' depressive symptoms. Results suggest that the diverse pathways of eating pathology and body dissatisfaction that exist across middle adolescence, in combination with adolescents' sports participation, have important implications for the positive and problematic development of our youth. In addition, the findings underscore the need to evaluate the interindividual differences that exist in regard to how sports participation may relate positively and negatively to developmental outcomes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Addictive Behavior; Hermeneutics; Suicide; Phenomenology; Pathology; Personality Problems; Self Concept; Research Methodology; Case Studies; Females; Trauma

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to examine the phenomenon of pathological gambling and addiction from the perspective of writer and teacher A.H Almaas. By drawing on his Diamond Mind approach we trace the origin of addictive behaviors and pathological gambling to narcissistic wounding, which constitutes the loss of connection with the Essential Identity. A phenomenological hermeneutic methodology was applied in the research process in which Penny, the subject of this case study, willingly shared her life journey through addiction. A thematic analysis clustered into 5 themes revealed a link between her experiences of childhood trauma, addiction, pathological gambling, and the manifestation of fundamental narcissism. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Pathology; Grief; Attachment Behavior; Patients; Innovation; Cooperation; Surveys; Periodicals; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Psychotherapy

Abstract:
In the last few decades, grief and loss research in the psychological domain has focused almost exclusively on its dysfunctional nature. I examine what is underneath these questions about pathology and suggest that our discipline is suffering from an attachment wound where we have dissociated from our historical roots when it comes to the study of grief and loss. I argue that we need to ask new questions about grief and loss and present two examples of my collaborative work to illustrate innovative ways of thinking about and researching grief. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Females; Addictive Behavior; Substance Abuse; Trauma; Self Concept; Phenomenology; Role; Pathology; Correlation; Therapy

Abstract:
A gap exists within current literature regarding understanding the role that trauma may play in the initiation, development, and progression of female problem and pathological gambling. The purpose of this study is to further illustrate the relationship between trauma and the development problem and pathological gambling by investigating the lived experiences of six women who self-report having a history of trauma and problem with gambling. An interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) methodology was applied in the research process in which six women share their life journey through the progression of their gambling addiction. Thematic analysis constructed into 5 themes illustrates a link between the role of trauma in the development and perpetuation of problem and pathological gambling, with female participants progressing through a series of experienced stages involving the development of the not good enough self, seduction & intoxication with gambling, opening the doorway to oblivion through gambling, trauma and the ties that bind, and culminating in gambling becoming trauma. Finally the implications of these findings towards the understanding and treatment of problem and pathological gambling by health care practitioners is discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Anxiety Disorders; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Spectroscopy; Control Groups; Metabolism; Patients; Etiology; Children; Role; Physiology; Pathology; Color; Task Analysis; Word Recognition

Abstract:
Recent developments in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have enabled non-invasive clarification of brain functions in psychiatric disorders. Functional neuroimaging studies of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have suggested that the frontal cortex and subcortical structures may play a role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Twelve treatment-naive children with OCD and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects participated in the present study after giving consent. The relative concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (oxy-Hb) were measured with prefrontal probes every 0.1 s during the Stroop color-word task, using 24-channel NIRS machines. During the Stroop color-word task, the oxy-Hb changes in the OCD group were significantly smaller than those in the control group in the prefrontal cortex, especially in the frontopolar cortex. The present study suggests that children with OCD have reduced prefrontal hemodynamic response as measured by NIRS. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Child Abuse; Adolescents; Pathology; Risk; Prevention; Role; Child Neglect; Data Analysis

Abstract:
In this article, we argue for expanded efforts to integrate administrative data systems as a "practical strategy" for developing a richer understanding of child abuse and neglect. Although the study of child maltreatment is often critiqued for being atheoretical, we believe that a more pressing concern is the absence of population-based and prospective epidemiological data that can be used to better understand the distribution and interacting nature of risk and protective factors for maltreatment. We begin by briefly addressing the relevance of empirical observations to etiological theories of child maltreatment. Although the latter is widely cited as critical to the development of effective prevention and intervention responses, less attention has been paid to the role of population-based data in the development of theories relevant to highly applied research questions such as those pertaining to child abuse and neglect. We then discuss how child protection data, in isolation, translates into a relatively narrow range of questions that can be asked and answered, with an inherently pathology-focused construction of risks and little attention paid to strengths or protective factors. We next turn to examples of recent findings--spanning multiple countries--emerging from information integrated across data systems, concluding by calling for expanded administrative data linkages in an effort to better understand and prevent child maltreatment. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Pathology; Autism; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Epilepsy; At Risk Persons; Genetics; Neurological Impairments; Molecular Structure; Brain Hemisphere Functions

Abstract:
Autism and epilepsy are common childhood neurological disorders with a great heterogeneity of clinical phenotypes as well as risk factors. There is a high co-morbidity of autism and epilepsy. The neuropathology of autism and epilepsy has similar histology implicating the processes of neurogenesis, neural migration, programmed cell death, and neurite outgrowth. Genetic advances have identified multiple molecules that participate in neural development, brain network connectivity, and synaptic function which are involved in the pathogenesis of autism and epilepsy. Mutations in GABA[subscript A] receptor subunit have been frequently associated with epilepsy, autism, and other neuropsychiatric disorders. In this paper, we address the hypothesis that functional deficiency of GABAergic signaling is a potential common molecular mechanism underpinning the co-morbidity of autism and epilepsy. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Prevention; Children; Anxiety Disorders; Pathology; Inhibition; Separation Anxiety; Theory of Mind; Longitudinal Studies; Child Development; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Questionnaires; Behavior Problems; Regression (Statistics); Correlation; At Risk Persons

Abstract:
This three-wave longitudinal study explored developmental trajectories for various types of childhood anxiety symptoms (i.e., specific fears, social anxiety, generalized anxiety, and separation anxiety) and examined how these trajectories were associated with several factors thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Parents of a community sample of 224 children aged 4 to 11 years repeatedly completed a standardized questionnaire of anxiety symptoms during a 2-year period. At Time 1, parents also filled out scales for measuring children's level of behavioral inhibition (BI), internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and prosocial behaviors, while an interview was conducted with children to assess Theory-of-Mind (TOM) ability. Growth Mixture Modeling identified multiple developmental trajectories in childhood anxiety symptoms of which the "stable-low" or "stable-medium" reflected the normative trajectories. Further, multinomial regression analyses indicated that the higher developmental trajectories of anxiety were associated with higher levels of BI and internalizing symptoms at Time 1. In sum, results show heterogeneity in the development of anxiety symptoms and underline the importance of early prevention programs for children at high risk for developing an anxiety disorder. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Teaching Methods; Pathology; Reading Comprehension; Vision; Visual Perception; Usability; Reading Rate; Human Body; Foreign Countries; Comparative Analysis; Visual Acuity; Blindness; Ophthalmology; Vision Tests; Diseases

Abstract:
In the typical human visual system, the macula allows for high visual resolution. Damage to this area from diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), causes the loss of central vision in the form of a central scotoma. Since no treatment is available to reverse AMD, providing low vision rehabilitation to compensate for the loss of central vision is invaluable for individuals with this condition. Teaching persons with a central scotoma the technique of eccentric viewing to use their remaining peripheral retina to read and perform tasks of daily living has been shown to be effective. A number of methods and apparatuses are available to chart the visual field, but the preferred method is by microperimetry with such devices as the Macular Integrity Assessment Microperimeter or the Nidek MP-1 Micro Perimeter. Alternately, the visual field can be mapped by tangent screen perimetry, such as the Bjerrum tangent screen. Microperimetry allows clinicians to precisely delineate the borders of the scotoma and the corresponding visible pathology on the retina. The technique is also capable of displaying direct, real-time observation of the retina, and stimuli can be placed on the retina for the purposes of training in eccentric viewing. The Eccentric Viewing Resources Kit (EV Kit) was developed to address the issue of portability and ease of use in determining the trained retinal locus (TRL). The test consists of three screening cards that help identify the retinal locus closest to the fovea that the low vision practitioner can use for teaching eccentric viewing. The test has been reported to be useful in determining the TRL, and individuals who received training in eccentric viewing after the TRL was identified using this kit made significant improvements in their near vision, reading speed, reading comprehension, and performance of activities of daily living. This study shows a high degree of reliability between using the tools from the EV Kit to identify a TRL and mapping the central scotoma with a Bjerrum tangent screen. A definite advantage of both the smiley face card and the girl's face card is that they are portable, easily administered by a low vision practitioner, and easy for a person to understand. Nevertheless, there are disadvantages, which include the inability to identify a TRL in a diagonal location and a gross estimation of the best area on which to place the TRL. The kit identifies an approximate location in terms of superior, inferior, nasal, or temporal, but is less sensitive to locating the optimum degree for the TRL. Some persons require the TRL at a closer or further proximity to the fovea than what the EV Kit tools can identify. However, this tool, like the clock face method, is not meant to be used in isolation. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Injuries; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Children; Pathology; Suicide; Effect Size; Substance Abuse; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Self Destructive Behavior; Pediatrics; Socioeconomic Status; Behavior Problems; Clinical Diagnosis; Motor Vehicles; Comorbidity; Risk; Adults; Measures (Individuals); Longitudinal Studies; Multivariate Analysis

Abstract:
Objective: We performed a 10-year prospective follow-up of a childhood-ascertained (6-12 years), ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; N = 140: combined type [ADHD-C] n = 93; inattentive type [ADHD-I] n = 47) plus a matched comparison group (N = 88). Girls were recruited from schools, mental health centers, pediatric practices, and via advertisements; extensive evaluations confirmed ADHD versus comparison status. Method: Ten-year outcomes (age range 17-24 years; retention rate = 95%) included symptoms (ADHD, externalizing, internalizing), substance use, eating pathology, self-perceptions, functional impairment (global, academic, service utilization), self-harm (suicide attempts, self-injury), and driving behavior. Results: Participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD continued to display higher rates of ADHD and comorbid symptoms, showed more serious impairment (both global and specific), and had higher rates of suicide attempts and self-injury than the comparison sample, with effect sizes from medium to very large; yet the groups did not differ significantly in terms of eating pathology, substance use, or driving behavior. ADHD-C and ADHD-I types rarely differed significantly, except for suicide attempts and self-injury, which were highly concentrated in ADHD-C. Domains of externalizing behavior, global impairment, service utilization, and self-harm (self-injury and suicide attempts) survived stringent control of crucial childhood covariates (age, demographics, comorbidities, IQ). Conclusions: Girls with childhood ADHD maintain marked impairment by early adulthood, spreading from symptoms to risk for serious self-harm. Our future research addresses the viability of different diagnostic conceptions of adult ADHD and their linkages with core life impairments. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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