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Descriptors:
Human Factors Engineering; Man Machine Systems; Accuracy; Training; Intervention; Behavior Change; Behavior Modification; Attention Control; Self Management; Occupational Safety and Health; Effect Size; Replication (Evaluation); Naturalistic Observation; College Students

Abstract:
The primary purpose of this study was to replicate and extend a study by Gravina, Austin, Schroedter, and Loewy (2008). A similar self-monitoring procedure, with the addition of self-monitoring accuracy training, was implemented to increase the percentage of observations in which participants worked in neutral postures. The accuracy training required the three participants to practice self-monitoring with the experimenter at least 20 times and to meet the criteria of 90% accuracy for the last 10 monitors. Feedback was delivered after each monitor. Two postures for each of the three participants were targeted by the intervention, and all six improved with an average effect size of 4.7 (range: 3.4 to 8.2) compared to Gravina et al., in which effect sizes averaged 1.9 (range: -0.1 to 3.2). In addition, participant self-monitoring was more accurate overall (77%) when compared to Gravina et al. (44%). (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Violence; Social Services; Incidence; Occupational Safety and Health; Work Environment; Online Surveys; Public Agencies; At Risk Persons

Abstract:
Workplace violence is a serious and surprisingly understudied occupational hazard in social service settings. The authors of this study conducted an anonymous, Internet-based survey of Massachusetts social service agencies to estimate the incidence of physical assault and verbal threat of violence in social service agencies, understand how social service agencies collect data on workplace violence, and identify disparities in who is at risk in terms of staff education and training level and the work setting. The study gathered general descriptions of each agency and compiled incidence data on workplace violence that were collected by agencies in fiscal year 2009. The key findings of this descriptive study showed high rates of workplace violence against social services providers and a pattern of risk disparity, with significantly more risk for direct care versus clinical staff. These results are based on data routinely collected by social service agencies that typically remain unexamined. A research agenda that is sensitive to potential occupational health disparities and focuses on maximizing workplace safety in social services is needed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Bullying; Mental Disorders; Patients; Anxiety; Depression (Psychology); Measures (Individuals); Biochemistry; Correlation; Occupational Safety and Health; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Background: Psychological disorders arising from bullying at work (BW) are common. The relationship between these disorders and putative markers is not well established. Aims: To measure saliva dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) and saliva cortisol as putative markers in individuals suffering from BW. Methods: Forty one subjects suffering from BW were screened for mental distress at the institute of occupational health in Clermont-Ferrand, France. They were compared with 28 psychologically healthy controls (group C). The conditions causing BW were recorded. The hospital anxiety and depression (HAD) scale, the Beech questionnaire and the visual analogic scale (VAS) of stress were used to determine the psychological consequences of BW. Saliva samples were collected at awakening (7 am), 30 and 60 min after awakening, and then every 2 h until bed time (11 pm). Results: The BW group had significantly higher scores on the HAD scale, higher stress on the VAS, and a higher score on the Beech questionnaire. They also had a significantly higher saliva concentration of DHEAS. There was no significant difference between groups in cortisol levels at any time, nor in area under the curve (AUC) and cortisol awakening response (CAR). There was a significant positive correlation between HAD and VAS scores and DHEAS levels, but not between cortisol levels or AUC or CAR. Conclusion: In contrast to saliva cortisol levels, saliva DHEAS levels are modified after psychological distress arising from BW. This discrepancy probably arises from the stability conferred by the very long half life of DHEAS of about 15 h. (Contains 3 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Negative Attitudes; Foreign Countries; Job Satisfaction; Job Skills; Parks; Quality of Life; Occupations; Occupational Safety and Health

Abstract:
This paper investigates the job satisfaction of small-scale shrimp trawl fishers in the vicinity of Camau National Park in southern Vietnam. The research sample consisted of 77 fishers who belong to a growing population of shrimp fishers in the region. The results suggest that 60% would change their fishing metier, 78% would leave fishing for another occupation and 76% would not advise a young person to enter the occupation of fishing. These responses indicate a negative attitude towards the occupation. This is explained with reference to deteriorating stocks and low economic returns. Generally speaking, however, fishers are satisfied with the physical safety, cleanliness of work and "healthfulness" of their occupation, as well as with the quality of community life. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Home Health Aides; Occupational Safety and Health; Injuries; National Surveys; Least Squares Statistics; Regression (Statistics); Job Satisfaction; Labor Turnover; Employee Attitudes; Training; Supervision; Workplace Learning

Abstract:
Purpose of study: The direct care workforce continues to rank as one of the most frequently injured employee groups in North America. Occupational health and safety studies have shown that workplace injuries translate into negative outcomes for workers and their employers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Organization of Work and Occupational Safety and Health framework is used to examine (a) relationships between injuries and work outcomes as reported by home health aides (HHAs) and (b) the likely efficacy of employee training and supervisor support in reducing worker risk for injury. Design and Methods: Data for this analysis were drawn from the 2007 National Home Health Aide Survey, a nationally representative survey. Ordinary least squares regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to examine relationships between worker injury and (a) worker outcomes and (b) organizational outcomes and to examine ratings of training and supervisory support relative to risk of injury. Results: Injured aides had lower job satisfaction, higher turnover intent, and poor employment and care quality perceptions. HHA perceptions of poor training and poor supervisory support were significantly related to higher risk for workplace injuries. Implications: The current study suggests that workplace training has an important role in helping reduce direct care worker injuries, thereby decreasing organizational expenses related to injury, such as workers' compensation, sick time, and turnover. The NIOSH Organization of Work and Occupational Safety and Health framework offers a mechanism by which occupational health and safety interventions may be derived to reduce incidents of injury. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Accidents; Bayesian Statistics; Management Systems; Foreign Countries; Occupational Safety and Health; Prevention; Surveys; Work Environment; Labor Conditions; Mental Health; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Information Sources

Abstract:
All workers have the right to perform their job duties under the best possible conditions, safeguarded from the harm which the execution of their duties may entail. In addition, employers have the obligation to guarantee this right to health, implementing a preventive system which assures the safety and health of the workers under their charge. Information for workers is a fundamental part of any occupational health and safety management system in companies. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence in which preventive information has on certain variables relating to workers' occupational health and safety and by sector of activity. This study was conducted with data collected through the 6th National Survey on Working Conditions in 2007 in Spain. The data included a random sample of 11,054 people from a working population of 20,476,900. To conduct the study a probabilistic model was created using Bayesian networks including the following variables: preventive information, sector, psychological symptoms, physical symptoms and accidents at work. The results indicated the importance of information in companies' preventive activity and the difference existing in its application across the various sectors, with Industry being the sector in which information for workers has the most positive impact. (Contains 5 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; School Administration; Values; Occupational Safety and Health; Organizational Culture; Learning; Elementary School Teachers; Teacher Surveys

Abstract:
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to shed light upon the connections between quality management, employee health and organisational learning in a school setting. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on a quantitative survey. Items measuring health status and values of quality management were included in a questionnaire addressed to teachers in a random sample of 20 schools. The items were checked for reliability with Cronbach's alpha tests and the correlation was measured with Pearson's correlation test. Findings: The Cronbach's alpha tests showed that the reliability of all the indices measured was sufficient. Moreover, correlations were found between all the indices of quality management values and the health index. This indicates that the health status of the school employees is related to the level of adoption of the quality management values. A framework depicting the findings from an organisational learning perspective is proposed. Research limitations/implications: The study strengthens the knowledge of the connections between quality management and health. The study was carried out in Sweden and the possibilities for generalising the findings to other countries are not certain. In addition, the relevance of the study for other organisations than schools remains unproven. A discussion regarding the possibilities of generalising the findings is included. Practical implications: The findings and the proposed framework are helpful for improving school quality and employee health in schools. Social implications: Improved school quality is important for society as a whole. Originality/value: Previous research has indicated links between quality management and health in industrial manufacturing. This is the first study to explore this link in the school sector. Furthermore, the connections to organisational learning represent a novel approach. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Job Training; Introductory Courses; Training Methods; Nontraditional Students; Adult Students; Experienced Teachers; Trainers; Interaction; Computer Simulation; Simulated Environment; Computer Assisted Instruction; Construction Industry; Building Trades; Occupational Safety and Health; Program Effectiveness; Instructional Effectiveness; Surveys; Semi Structured Interviews; Use Studies; Usability

Abstract:
The popularity of simulators to augment training programs for operators of heavy machinery has been growing across several industries including mining, rail and more recently construction. High-fidelity, interactive simulation is typically achieved through complete immersion in brief, stressful and complex VR scenarios. The use of simulation benefits industry through a reduction in training time, increasing safety and resulting in less damage to on-site equipment. Advantages to training providers across all industries include lower capital costs, less operational risk, and faster set up time. While some industries have been quick to embrace simulation training, civil construction has not. This paper introduces a project being undertaken to test the effectiveness of heavy plant simulators to improve current operator training methods. As a test case a simulator module was utilized in a 10 week introductory course in construction. A short survey explored the trainer's perspective on usability and effectiveness of the simulator for the purpose of gaining expert opinion and perceptions on the usability of a plant simulator in a real world construction skills course application. Initial feedback from these experienced trainers indicates several advantages to skills training and development using a simulator. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
National Standards; Occupational Safety and Health; Mental Health; Well Being; Risk; Laws; Scientific Research; Work Environment; Organizational Culture; Social Responsibility; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
In Part 1 of this article, the legal and scientific origins of the concept of psychological safety are examined as background to, and support for, the new Canadian National Standard on Psychological Health and Safety in the Workplace (CSA Z1003/BNQ 9700). It is shown that five factors influencing psychological safety can be identified as being common to both legal and scientific perspectives: job demands and requirements of effort, job control or influence, reward, fairness, and support. This convergence of evidence from legal and scientific perspectives creates a powerful case for the development of a national standard built around these five factors. In Part 2, it is proposed that the introduction of a national standard can be expected in the long run to have positive social benefits since the health or harm that is generated in the workplace does not remain there but migrates into families, communities, and society at large in the form of either social capital or social exhaust. Consequently, psychological safety is a concept that connects the dynamics of the workplace to the health, resilience, and well-being of society at large. (Contains 3 figures and 27 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Occupational Safety and Health; Workplace Literacy; Intelligence Quotient; Public Health; Hospitals; Worksheets; Foreign Countries; Factor Analysis; Adult Education; Health Education

Abstract:
A user-friendly, high quality workplace assessment field guide and an accompanying worksheet are invaluable tools for recognizing hazards in the hospital environment. These tools ensure that both front line workers as well as health and safety and infection control professionals can systematically evaluate hazards and formulate recommendations. This South African example illustrates how role play and pictorial guided orientation can empower workers to use these tools in response to complex political, cultural and environmental factors. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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