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Descriptors:
Admission (School); Elementary Education; Migrants; Foreign Countries; Social Class; Disadvantaged Youth; Slums; Access to Education; Prevention; Urban Areas; Poverty; Rural to Urban Migration; Gender Differences; Consciousness Raising; Indians; Parent School Relationship

Abstract:
This paper examines the factors that prevent slum children aged 5-14 from gaining access to schooling in light of the worsening urban poverty and sizable increase in rural-to-urban migration. Bias against social disadvantage in terms of gender and caste is not clearly manifested in schooling, while migrated children are less likely to attend school. I argue that the lack of preparation for schooling in the pre-schooling ages and school admission procedures are the main obstacles for migrated children. The most important implication for universal elementary education in urban India is raising parental awareness and simplifying the admission procedures. (Contains 6 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Motivation; Behavior Theories; Ethnic Groups; Migrants; Psychological Characteristics; Young Adults; Group Membership; Citizen Participation; Internet; Correlation; Immigrants; Goodness of Fit; Peer Groups; Parent Child Relationship; Guidelines; Minority Groups; Computer Mediated Communication; Ethnicity; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Levels of civic engagement are assumed to vary according to numerous social and psychological characteristics, but not much is known about online civic engagement. This study aimed to investigate differences and similarities in young people's offline and online civic engagement and to clarify, based on Ajzen's theory of planned behavior (TPB), associations between motivation for civic engagement, peer and parental norms, collective efficacy, and civic engagement. The sample consisted of 755 youth (native German, ethnic German Diaspora, and Turkish migrants) from two age groups (16-18 and 19-26; mean age 20.5 years; 52% female). Results showed that ethnic group membership and age moderated the frequency of engagement behavior, with Turkish migrants taking part more than native Germans, who were followed by ethnic German Diaspora migrants. Analyses based on TPB showed good fit for a model relating intention for offline and online civic engagement to motivation for civic engagement, peer and parental norms, and collective efficacy. Ethnic group moderated the findings for offline civic engagement and questioned the universality of some model parameters (e.g., peer and parental norms). This study showed the utility of the TPB framework for studying civic engagement but also reveals that the predictive utility of peer and parental norms seems to vary depending on the group and the behavior under study. This study highlights the importance of including minority samples in the study of civic engagement in order to identify between-group similarities and differences. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Youth; African Americans; Altruism; American Studies; Anthropology; Instructional Leadership; Empathy; School Community Relationship; Public Education; Imagination; Interdisciplinary Approach; Ethnography; Drama; Poetry; Inquiry; Criticism; Sociology; Teaching Methods; Reflection; Females; Violence; Singing; Migrants; Males; Psychological Patterns

Abstract:
"Writings of Healing and Resistance: Empathy and the Imagination-Intellect" is a multi-authored, interdisciplinary journey. It continues the work started in Public Education and the Imagination-Intellect (Peter Lang, 2003) by extending the importance of empathy in developing an action-based social consciousness. Mary E. Weems doesn't argue for a specific way of pursuing an empathy connected to mind, body, and spirit: She acknowledges that just as artists work in various media, each with their own process for sharing how they think and feel about a particular topic or moment, each individual may arrive in their own way at a deep, spiritual, close identification with the experiences of the other. "Writings of Healing and Resistance" encompasses a variety of forms: autoethnography, ethnodrama, poetic inquiry, and critical essay, as well as scholars' work in a number of disciplines including communications, cultural studies, sociology, anthropology, educational leadership, African American studies, and cultural foundations. This book contains the following: (1) Introduction: Hope, Pedagogy and the Imagination-Intellect (Norman K. Denzin); (2) One Love: Empathy and the Imagination-Intellect (Mary E. Weems); (3) A Space for Imagination: The Power of Group Process and Reflective Writing to Cultivate Empathy for Self and Others (Susan V. Iverson); (4) Anarchic Thinking in Acupuncture's Origins: The Body as a Site for Cultivating Imagination-Intellect (Mitra Emad); (5) Call and Response: Writing to Answer the Urge of a Bruised Spirit (Dominique C. Hill); (6) The Kindness of [Medical] Strangers: An Ethnopoetic Account of Embodiment, Empathy, and Engagement (Elyse Pineau); (7) The Poetics of Black Mother-Womanhood (Amira Davis); (8) Stop in the Name of: An Auto/ethnographic Response to Violence against Black Women (Mary E. Weems); (9) A Telephone Call (Norman K. Denzin); (10) Tell It: A Contemporary Chorale for Black Youth Voices (Durrell Callier); (11) Tasseography as a Healing Practice: Education in a Post-Racial Classroom (Akil Houston); (12) What Does It Mean to Be a Nigger in the Academy? (Mary E. Weems); (13) Migrant Stories: Searching for Healing in Autoethnographies of Diaspora (Marcelo Diversi and Claudio Moreira); and (14) In Trouble: Desire, Deleuze, and the Middle-Aged Man (Jonathan Wyatt). Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Ethnography; Foreign Countries; Multilingualism; Municipalities; Global Approach; Sociolinguistics; Migrants; Cultural Background; African Languages; Chinese; African Culture; Asians; Asian Culture

Abstract:
Drawing on the first phase of a larger sociolinguistic ethnography, this article explores how individual migrants of African and Chinese backgrounds expand their multilingual repertoires in Africa Town in Guangzhou, China. Focusing on two cases, I demonstrate how they maintain and develop transnational and translocal connections simultaneously (Levitt & Glick Schiller, 2004) and how this constitutes the processes of expanding multilingual repertoires without instruction. I illustrate that these processes are shaped by material and symbolic resources, including premigration linguistic repertoires, intersecting with states. I argue that individual multilingual repertoires index life trajectories (Blommaert & Backus, 2011) that are enabled and constrained by resources accumulated in countries and regions that are ranked differently within the world geopolitical order (Levitt & Jaworsky, 2007). (Contains 1 footnote.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Urban to Rural Migration; Migrants; Motivation; Rural Areas; Surveys; Housing; Rural Environment; Individual Characteristics; Age Differences; Educational Attainment; Income

Abstract:
Migration into rural areas is often explained in terms of the rural idyll, the attraction of the countryside with its less hurried way of life in a quiet, spacious and green environment. However, this migration phenomenon has mostly been researched in attractive, amenity-rich, popular rural areas. This paper investigates the characteristics and motivations of migrants to less-popular rural areas using survey data (N = 664) for four municipalities in the North of the Netherlands. Our study shows a young group of in-migrants with relatively low incomes, but also a large proportion of working people and a considerable number of highly educated movers. Separating the motivations for choosing to live in a "rural area in general" from the motivations for choosing "this specific rural area" reveals that while the pull of the rural idyll is an important motivation for moving to a rural area in general, the reasons for choosing the specific rural area are a mixture of housing characteristics, the physical qualities of the environment, personal reasons and the low house prices in the area. Combining the motivations with the characteristics of the movers reveals the diversity within the movers group. Our analysis shows a group of movers motivated to live close to family and friends, consisting of return migrants, singles, the youngest and oldest age groups and also the lowest income group. The physical qualities of the environment attract a group of highly educated movers, people with high incomes and people aged between 35 and 64. The motivation of housing characteristics, referring in most cases to the availability of a specific house, is mentioned by a wide range of movers, but in particular by people moving from urban areas. (Contains 7 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Self Efficacy; Quality of Life; Retirement; Migrants; Identification (Psychology); Rural Areas; Foreign Countries; Educational Change; Aging (Individuals); Older Adults; Self Concept; Qualitative Research; Self Esteem

Abstract:
As a consequence of local population ageing, which is more pronounced in rural areas, the issue of maintaining a positive quality of life for rural older people is attracting significant attention. While environmental psychology theory has advocated the role of place identity in defining the self, there has been little applied research exploring how this occurs in later life. This exploratory, qualitative study (n = 16) utilises 6 and 7 identity process theory to investigate how rural older Australians (retirement migrants and long-term residents) use place to sustain and build a sense of self at a time when many are susceptible to age-related loss. The paper draws on the concepts of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem and self-efficacy in order to explore how place identity is supported and maintained. Findings suggest that rural places are beneficial in terms of identity maintenance, with differences between long term and more recent rural residents. Furthermore, findings also highlight that place-related change or growth can potentially threaten older people's identification as a "rural" person. (Contains 6 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Prevention; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Intervention; Migrants; Foreign Countries; Males; Homosexuality; Multivariate Analysis; Contraception; Socioeconomic Status; Income; Correlation; Risk

Abstract:
Background: Sexually-transmitted disease (STD) is a facilitating cofactor that contributes to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Previous studies indicated a high prevalence of STDs among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. To date, limited data are available for correlates of STD infection among young migrant MSM in China. The current study intends to examine the association between demographic and behavioral factors and STD infection. Methods: Data were collected from a sample of 307 migrant MSM aged 18-29 years in Beijing in 2009. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the factors associated with a history of STDs. Results: Results showed that about 13% of MSM reported a history of STDs. The average number of lifetime sexual partners was 15.0. About 56.7% of MSM did not use a condom at the first sexual encounter. The percentage of MSM who used a condom consistently was 47.4%. Multivariate logistic regression results showed that STD history was positively associated with education, income, the number of lifetime male sexual partners, and negatively associated with the frequency of properly using a condom. Conclusion: STD history was associated with socioeconomic status and sexual risk behaviors. The results suggested that HIV prevention intervention programs need to educate MSM to reduce the number of sexual partners and to use a condom properly. Furthermore, HIV prevention intervention programs among MSM need to be tailored to meet the needs of different socioeconomic groups of MSM. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Migrants; Role of Education; Foreign Countries; Migration; Social Mobility; Correlation; Educational Attainment; Informal Education; Anthropology; Employment Opportunities

Abstract:
This article focuses on the relationship between migration and education as aspects of wider livelihood strategies among Nepalese migrants in India. It argues that physical and social mobility are inextricably linked and looks at education (both formal and informal) as a driving force in migration. Combining a broad notion of education with a transnational approach to migration, the article sheds light on the multiple and changing meanings ascribed to education in processes of physical mobility. (Contains 7 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Social Status; Racial Segregation; Ethnography; Foreign Countries; Language Planning; Migration; Social Mobility; Language of Instruction; Social Change; Sociolinguistics; Civil Rights; Intervention; Social Differences; African Languages; Migrants; Epistemology

Abstract:
This article examines the phenomenon of African migration to post-apartheid South Africa from a language-sociological perspective. Although the subject has been one largely neglected by language scholars, the handful of studies which have addressed the issue have yielded ethnographic data and raised questions of considerable significance for the development of theoretical perspectives on the sociolinguistic consequences of geographical and social mobility. In the case of African migrants to South Africa, mobility is often seen to entail a reductive reordering and re-evaluation of their linguistic repertoires which serve to both index and be partly constitutive of their unequal social status. In the final section of the paper, I argue that conventional language-planning approaches, and in particular those which place an emphasis on various forms of language rights, are epistemologically disinclined and therefore ultimately theoretically unable to meaningfully address certain types of language-related problems which may arise as a consequence of mobility. Indeed, it is doubtful whether such problems may be amenable to resolution through any form of planned intervention. Such an insight serves as an important brake on ambition in terms of what can be formulated as realistic expected outcomes of language planning measures aimed at tackling sources of social inequality. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS); Physicians; Health Services; Counseling; Barriers; Migrants; Interviews; Attitudes

Abstract:
This study identified physicians' HIV testing practices and their barriers toward implementing provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling (PITC) for Sub-Saharan African migrants (SAM) in Flanders, Belgium. In-depth interviews were conducted on a purposive sample of 20 physicians (ten GPs and ten internists). GPs performed mainly patient-initiated tests, while internists carried out tests based on disease indicators and risk behavior. For the most part, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines were not followed. Study participants were not in favor of implementing PITC. Reasons included lack of information on the HIV epidemic among SAM, fear of stigmatizing patients, perceiving testing as unethical for undocumented patients, questionable relevance of pre-test counseling, lack of expertise in discussing sexuality, language barriers, lack of time, and the absence of a national or regional HIV testing policy. Implementing PITC will require appropriate training of service providers. Also, supporting policies should be developed with the participation of stakeholders encouraging "normalization" of HIV testing. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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