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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; High School Students; Grade 10; Grade 12; Recreational Activities; Reading Tests; Mathematics Tests; Reading Achievement; Computer Use; Video Games; Statistical Analysis; Longitudinal Studies; Correlation; Hierarchical Linear Modeling

Abstract:
Historically, the relationship between student academic achievement and use of computers for fun and video gaming has been described from a multitude of perspectives, from positive, to negative, to neutral. However, recent research has indicated that computer use and video gaming may be positively associated with achievement, yet these studies have focused on small intact and qualitative samples. The purpose of the present study is to examine the association between academic achievement in high school and student use of computers for fun and video gaming using the large nationally representative ELS:2002 sample of students in grade 10 in 2002 and an independent effects two-level hierarchical linear model. Our results indicate that both student use of computers for fun and moderate levels of video gaming were positive and significant on cross-sectional reading and mathematics achievement assessments in high school, controlling for multiple covariates of achievement, but were not related to growth in mathematics from grade 10 to grade 12. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Reinforcement; Contingency Management; Comparative Analysis; Elementary School Students; Computation; Mathematics Achievement; Worksheets; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) can be described as time-based or response-independent delivery of stimuli with known reinforcing properties. Previous research has shown NCR to reduce problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities and to interfere with the acquisition of more desired alternative behavior. To date, however, little research has examined the effects of NCR on children's academic performance. The present study examined the effects of NCR on the completion of math computation worksheets by 3 students in an elementary school setting. An ABCB reversal design was used to compare an NCR schedule in combination with contingent reinforcement to contingent reinforcement alone. Results showed that digits correct per session decreased to baseline levels for all 3 students during implementation of the NCR plus contingent reinforcement condition. Implications of these results for the reductive effects of NCR are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; Geometry; Experimental Groups; Early Childhood Education; Grade 1; Elementary School Students; Gifted; Measurement; Mathematical Concepts; Statistical Analysis; Comparative Analysis; Measures (Individuals)

Abstract:
The goal of Project M2 was to develop and field-test challenging geometry and measurement units for K-2 students. The units were developed using recommendations from gifted, mathematics, and early childhood education. This article reports on achievement results for students in Grade 1 at 12 diverse sites in four states using the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills (ITBS) mathematics concepts subtest and an open-response assessment. Using HLM, as expected there were no statistical differences between the experimental (n = 186) and comparison (n = 174) groups on the ITBS (91% of the items focused on number). Statistically significant differences (p less than 0.001) favoring the experimental group were found on the open-response assessment with a large effect size (d = 1.88). Thus the experimental group exhibited a deeper understanding of geometry and measurement concepts on the open-response assessment while performing as well on a traditional measure that covered all Grade 1 mathematics. (Contains 7 tables and 4 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Teacher Effectiveness; Elementary School Students; Grade 5; Teacher Persistence; Faculty Mobility; Elementary School Teachers; Labor Turnover; Teacher Influence; Language Arts; Reading Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; Scores; Racial Differences; Low Achievement; Grade 4; Urban Schools; At Risk Students; Minority Group Students; Observation

Abstract:
Researchers and policymakers often assume that teacher turnover harms student achievement, though recent studies suggest this may not be the case. Using a unique identification strategy that employs school-by-grade level turnover and two classes of fixed-effects models, this study estimates the effects of teacher turnover on over 850,000 New York City fourth- and fifth-grade student observations over 8 years. The results indicate that students in grade levels with higher turnover score lower in both English language arts (ELA) and math and that these effects are particularly strong in schools with more low-performing and Black students. Moreover, the results suggest that there is a disruptive effect of turnover beyond changing the distribution in teacher quality. (Contains 3 figures, 17 tables, and 16 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Reading Achievement; At Risk Students; Tutoring; Problem Solving; Mathematics Education; Pretests Posttests; Word Problems (Mathematics); Intervention; Small Group Instruction; Intermode Differences; Teaching Methods; Achievement Gains; Aptitude Treatment Interaction; Grade 3; Mathematical Enrichment; Mathematics Achievement; Learning Disabilities

Abstract:
This intervention study compared the efficacy of small-group tutoring on the mathematics learning of third-grade students at risk for mathematics difficulty using either a school-provided standards-based curriculum (SBC) or a schema-based instruction (SBI) curriculum. The SBI curriculum placed particular emphasis on the underlying mathematical structure of additive problems to represent and solve word problems. At-risk students (N = 136) from 35 classrooms scoring below a proficiency level on their district accountability assessment were assigned randomly to treatment groups. Results indicated interaction effects on the word problem-solving (WPS) posttest and retention tests such that SBI students with higher incoming (pretest) WPS scores outperformed SBC students with higher pretest scores, whereas SBC students with lower pretest scores outperformed SBI students with lower pretest scores. No effects were found on number combinations automaticity, and mathematics and reading achievement. Implications to improve the problem-solving performance of at-risk students are discussed. (Contains 4 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
High School Students; Disproportionate Representation; Mathematics Instruction; Experimental Teaching; Secondary School Mathematics; Algebra; Mathematics; Knowledge Level; Mathematics Achievement; Instructional Effectiveness

Abstract:
This paper is a study of part of the Algebra Project's program for underrepresented high school students from the lowest quartile of academic achievement, social and economic status. The study focuses on students' learning the concept of function. The curriculum and pedagogy are part of an innovative, experimental approach designed and implemented by the Algebra Project. The instructional treatment took place over 7 weeks during the Junior Year of 15 students from our target population. Immediately after instruction, a written instrument was administered followed, several weeks later, by in-depth interviews. The results are that many of our participants achieved a level of knowledge and understanding of functions on a par with beginning college students, including preservice teachers, as reported in the literature. Many conceptual difficulties that have been reported in the research literature were not as prevalent for our participants and some of them were capable of solving difficult problems involving composition of functions. We conclude that, with appropriate pedagogy, it is possible for students in the Algebra Project's target population to learn substantial and non-trivial mathematics at the high school level, and that the Algebra Project approach is one example of such a pedagogy. (Contains 5 tables and 4 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Change; Urban Areas; Low Achievement; Grade 9; At Risk Students; Educational Improvement; Student Needs; Identification; Intervention; High Schools; Program Effectiveness; Educational Indicators; Dropout Prevention; Graduation Rate; Student Characteristics; Gender Differences; Racial Differences; Student Mobility; Reading Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; Age Differences; Socioeconomic Status; Grade Point Average

Abstract:
Chicago has been in the forefront of the country in its use of 9th-grade indicators of dropout. Catalyzed by the development of the freshman on-track indicator and research around it, Chicago school administrators, central office personnel, and external partners have developed a number of mechanisms using 9th-grade indicators to stimulate school improvement. This article describes 3 ways in which early warning indicators are useful for improving student achievement: (a) focusing conversations and efforts on actionable problems; (b) identifying students for intervention; and (c) using indicator patterns to address low performance in a strategic way. Examples from high schools in Chicago suggest that knowledge of the on-track indicator and its use in district accountability were not enough to change practice. However, the availability of data tools that make it easy to act on information about on-track rates have changed the ways in which teachers and school staff interact with each other, students, and parents regarding improving student performance. The strategies they have developed with the data tools have provided a systematic focus to their efforts, which appears to be paying off in substantially improved ninth-grade achievement. (Contains 1 table, 4 figures, and 11 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Indigenous Populations; Multiple Regression Analysis; Oral Language; Language Role; Language Tests; Mathematics Instruction; Language Patterns; Learner Engagement; Early Childhood Education; Mathematical Concepts; Mathematical Aptitude; Program Implementation; Program Effectiveness; Outcome Measures; Pretests Posttests; Predictor Variables; Mathematics Achievement; Mathematics Tests

Abstract:
This paper explores the outcomes of the first year of the implementation of a mathematics program ("Representations, oral language and engagement in Mathematics": RoleM) which is framed upon research relating to effectively supporting young Indigenous students' learning. The sample comprised 230 Indigenous students (average age 5.76 years) from 15 schools located across Queensland. The pre-test and post-test results from purposely developed language and mathematics tests indicate that young Indigenous Australian students are very capable learners of mathematics. The results of a multiple regression analysis denoted that their ability to ascertain the structure of patterns and to understand mathematical language were both strong predictors of their success in mathematics, with the latter making the larger contribution. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Student Participation; Foreign Countries; Mathematics Education; Mathematics Achievement; Educational Attainment; Hierarchical Linear Modeling; Student Recruitment; Academic Persistence; Secondary School Students; Secondary Schools; Ethnicity; School Effectiveness

Abstract:
Given the commonly accepted view that having a mathematically well-educated populace is strategically important, there is considerable international interest in raising attainment, and increasing participation, in post-compulsory mathematics education. In this article, multilevel models are developed with the use of datasets from the UK Department for Education's National Pupil Database (NPD) in order to explore (1) school effects upon student progress in mathematics from age 11-16 in England and (2) student participation in advanced-level mathematics over the following 2 years. These analyses highlight between-school variation in the difference between mathematical and general academic progress. Furthermore, the between-school differences in post-compulsory mathematics participation are large. Importantly, there is no evidence to suggest that schools/departments with higher "contextual value added" from 11-16, a key measure in government accountability processes in England, are also more effective in recruiting and retaining students in post-16 advanced mathematics courses. (Contains 5 tables, 3 figures and 4 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Mathematics Achievement; Program Effectiveness; Foreign Countries; Feedback (Response); Family Characteristics; Numeracy; Case Studies; Comparative Analysis; Models; Outcomes of Education; Scores; Accountability; Achievement Gains; Reading Achievement; Grade 6; Grade 4; Grade 5; Elementary School Students

Abstract:
Educational effectiveness research often appeals to "value-added models (VAM)" to gauge the impact of schooling on student learning net of the effect of student background variables. A huge amount of cross-sectional studies do not, however, meet VAM's requirement for longitudinal data. "Contextualised attainment models (CAM)" measure the influence of schools on student outcomes controlling for family background characteristics in cross-sectional studies. It is argued that the latter are adequate substitutes for student prior attainment. Drawing on data from a 3-point longitudinal study in the city of Berlin, Germany (n = 3,074), reading and mathematics achievement of primary students are investigated to assess effectiveness measures of schools. Estimates are compared for a 3-level growth curve analysis (VAM), a hierarchical linear model controlling for background characteristics (CAM), and one additionally controlling for prior achievement scores (prior attainment model). The article contributes to the enhancement of a feedback culture for cross-sectional study results. (Contains 5 tables, 5 figures and 6 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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