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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Working Hours; Life Satisfaction; Well Being; Preferences; Values; Interpersonal Relationship; Adults; Behavior Theories; Social Indicators; Measurement; Sociometric Techniques; Social Influences; Socioeconomic Influences; Quality of Life; Research Problems; Psychometrics; Comparative Analysis; Surveys; Statistical Analysis; Cross Cultural Studies; Life Style; Social Life; Attitude Change

Abstract:
Using data from national socio-economic panel surveys in Australia, Britain and Germany, this paper analyzes the effects of individual preferences and choices on subjective well-being (SWB). It is shown that, in all three countries, preferences and choices relating to life goals/values, partner's personality, hours of work, social participation and healthy lifestyle have substantial and similar effects on life satisfaction. The results have negative implications for a widely accepted theory of SWB, "set-point theory." This theory holds that adult SWB is stable in the medium and long term, although temporary fluctuations occur due to life events. Set-point theory has come under increasing criticism in recent years, primarily due to unmistakable evidence in the German Socio-Economic Panel that, during the last 25 years, over a third of the population has recorded substantial and apparently permanent changes in life satisfaction (Fujita and Diener in "J Pers Soc Psychol" 88:158-64, 2005; Headey in "Soc Indic Res" 85:389-403, 2008a; Headey et al. in "Proc Natl Acad Sci USA" 107(42):17922-17926, 2010). It is becoming clear that the main challenge now for SWB researchers is to develop new explanations which can account for medium and long term change, and not merely stability in SWB. Set-point theory is limited precisely because it is purely a theory of stability. The paper is based on specially constructed panel survey files in which data are divided into multi-year periods in order to facilitate analysis of medium and long term change. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Educational Philosophy; Critical Theory; Teaching Methods; Psychological Patterns; Affective Behavior; Correlation; Social Change; Interpersonal Relationship

Abstract:
Hoping is an integral part of what it is to be human, and its significance for education has been widely noted. Hope is, however, a contested category of human experience and getting to grips with its characteristics and dynamics is a difficult task. The paper argues that hope is not a singular undifferentiated experience and is best understood as a socially mediated human capacity with varying affective, cognitive and behavioural dimensions. Drawing on the philosophy, theology and psychology of hope, five modes of hoping are outlined: patient, critical, sound, resolute and transformative. The key aim of the paper is to illustrate how different modes of hoping are associated with different pedagogical strategies. Phrased differently, the paper seeks to delineate a range of pedagogies of hope. The phrase "pedagogy of hope" is very much associated with critical theory--one thinks instantly of, for example, Paulo Freire, Henry Giroux or bell hooks. There are many pedagogies of hope, however, and an explicitly conservative text such as William Bennett's Book of Virtues has as strong a claim to the title as Freire's radical and utopian ideas. A broader argument, therefore, is that there is nothing inherently radical or subversive about a pedagogy of hope. Pedagogies of hope can serve to reproduce social relations as well as to transform them. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Action Research; Physical Activities; Kindergarten; Play; Preschool Teachers; Preschool Children; Early Childhood Education; Child Care Centers; Outdoor Education; Gardening; Imagination; Interpersonal Relationship; Student Reaction

Abstract:
This study reports on children's observed responses to natural features introduced in the redevelopment of a childcare centre garden. Using an action research approach, the redevelopment was based on the preferences of the director, staff and 18 three- to four-year-olds, as expressed through interviews, conversations, photographs and drawings. Adults and children overwhelmingly preferred natural elements. The kindergarten teacher and assistant observed children's responses to the implementation of features including a teepee, mulch, greenery, flowers, and loose organic materials. In follow-up interviews, they reported positive child responses including: richer imaginative play; increased physical activity; calmer, more focused play; and positive social interactions. These findings provide further evidence of the importance of providing children with naturalized outdoor play spaces. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Physician Patient Relationship; Interpersonal Communication; Individual Characteristics; Asian Culture; Social Distance; Interpersonal Relationship; Context Effect; Medical Education; Grounded Theory; Clinics; Internal Medicine; Interviews

Abstract:
Studies of doctor-patient communication generally advocate a partnership communication style. However, in Southeast Asian settings, we often see a more one-way style with little input from the patient. We investigated factors underlying the use of a one-way consultation style by doctors in a Southeast Asian setting. We conducted a qualitative study based on principles of grounded theory. Twenty residents and specialists and 20 patients of a low or high educational level were interviewed in internal medicine outpatient clinics of an Indonesian teaching hospital and two affiliated hospitals. During 26 weeks we engaged in an iterative interview and coding process to identify emergent factors. Patients were generally dissatisfied with doctors' communication style. The doctors indicated that they did not deliberately use a one-way style. Communication style appeared to be associated with characteristics of Southeast Asian culture, the health care setting and medical education. Doctor-patient communication appeared to be affected by cultural characteristics which fell into two broad categories representing key features of Southeast Asian culture, "social distance" and "closeness of relationships", and to characteristics categorized as "specific clinical context". Consideration of these characteristics could be helpful in promoting the use of a partnership communication style. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Drinking; Cross Cultural Studies; Alcohol Abuse; Gender Differences; Correlation; Hierarchical Linear Modeling; Surveys; Cultural Differences; Violence; Marriage; Interpersonal Relationship; Males

Abstract:
This study explores whether associations between consuming alcohol in bars and alcohol-related harms are consistent across countries and whether country-level characteristics modify associations. We hypothesized that genderedness of bar drinking modifies associations, such that odds of harms associated with bar drinking increase more rapidly in predominantly male bar-drinking countries. Multilevel analysis was used to analyze survey data from 21 countries representing five continents from Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS). Bar frequency was positively associated with harms overall. Relationships between bar frequency and harms varied across country. Genderedness modified associations between bar frequency and odds of fights, marriage/relationship harms, and work harms. Findings were significant only for men. Contrary to our hypothesis, odds of harms associated with bar drinking increased less rapidly in countries where bar drinking is predominantly male. This suggests predominantly male bar drinking cultures may be protective for males who more frequently drink in bars. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Environment; Well Being; Caring; School Security; Fear; Foreign Countries; School Safety; Student Needs; Mental Health; School Health Services; Social Development; Emotional Development; Student Behavior; Interpersonal Relationship

Abstract:
In the aftermath of the school shootings in Newtown, Connecticut this past December, people experienced the world around them as less safe--understandably so. In response to such a tragic event, there is a degree of fear instilled in all people that for many was at its peak in the New Year as they prepared to send their children back to school. School Boards across the United States and Canada reacted to the threat to school safety by investing in increased security strategies such as surveillance cameras, on-site police officers and security guards, enhanced lockdown procedures (all school entrances and classroom doors are locked at all times), and regular lockdown drills much like the fire drill practices. In the wake of recent events it is not surprising that there are increased calls for enhanced safety measures in schools. However, these calls have diverted attention away from attending to student needs and safety issues that occur in schools in the day-to-day every day. Many children and youth require (sometimes intensive) school-based supports for social, emotional, behavioral, and relationship problems. Children's Mental Health Ontario determined that over half a million children in the province grapple with mental health problems. The consequences of leaving such problems unattended or untreated are well known and include school failure, substance abuse, violence and suicide. All young people need trusting relationships and effective support services and initiatives throughout their school experience. Children and youth need and have the right to social, emotional, behavioral and relational support services provided by highly skilled caring professionals. However, the politics of fear are being used to substantiate increased funding for school security measures. To create a safe school environment in which young people are treated fairly and with dignity and respect there is a need to ensure that the voices of children and youth are included in developing solutions, implementing change and evaluating the results of school support services and safety measures. It is incumbent upon schools to purposefully attend to the complex needs of all students and provide skilled support services within a caring school environment. The well-being--the lives--of children and youth depends on it. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Females; Foreign Countries; Private Education; Curriculum; Interpersonal Relationship; Self Concept; Security (Psychology); Economic Factors; Educational Attainment; Educational Practices; Family Relationship; Academic Aspiration; Occupational Aspiration; Expectation; Extracurricular Activities; Interviews; Student Attitudes; School Choice

Abstract:
This paper takes as its starting point the concept of concerted cultivation as coined by Annette Lareau. It examines whether a focus on concerted cultivation adequately captures the various practices observed in young women's experiences of being privately educated in four schools in one area of England. We suggest that a variety of practices of cultivation are evident in the reasons reported as influencing the choice of private education, the ways schools present themselves and organise the curriculum, the manner in which young women in such schools relate to one another, and the experiences young women have in securing different forms of accomplishment. Regardless of whether this accomplishment is "effortless" or more worked at, the outcomes of these practices support young women in having a high degree of surety in the self. This surety is facilitated through family and school practices and is grounded, for the most part, in educational and economic security. Together, these processes support the reproduction of various forms of privilege in and through young women's lives. (Contains 1 table and 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Psychometrics; Veterans; Online Surveys; Interpersonal Relationship; Satisfaction; Hispanic Americans; Males; Masculinity; Social Attitudes; Psychological Patterns; Severity (of Disability)

Abstract:
An online survey was used to examine 45 Hispanic male veterans' traditional machismo and caballerismo as correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), psychological distress, and relationship satisfaction. Higher traditional machismo was associated with higher PTSD severity and distress and lower relationship satisfaction. Psychometric properties of the Traditional Machismo and Caballerismo Scale were explored. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Theological Education; Self Concept; Nonverbal Communication; Mandarin Chinese; English (Second Language); Second Language Instruction; Interpersonal Relationship; Context Effect; Figurative Language; Reflection; Classroom Environment; Teacher Student Relationship

Abstract:
This article elucidates theoretical underpinnings for the use of one's self in the pastoral theological classroom. The contemplative bow is developed as a capacious metaphor to describe appropriate self use and its necessary importance in the teaching and learning of pastoral arts in a theological curriculum. Central to the argument is the assumption that effective teaching and learning in pastoral care emerges from awareness and knowledge of self as well as letting go of self in beneficial service with others. Analytical engagement of educational, theological, and psychological theory informs practice for the professional school classroom. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Assistive Technology; Personality Traits; Student Attitudes; Interpersonal Relationship; Altruism; Statistical Analysis; Intimacy; Photography; White Students; Misconceptions; Ethnicity; Gender Differences; Human Body; Biographies; Undergraduate Students; Surveys; Hispanic American Students; Dating (Social); Marriage; Friendship; Attitudes toward Disabilities; Intelligence; Humor; Sexuality; Diseases; Role Playing; Social Attitudes

Abstract:
Student attitudes toward having a relationship with a wheelchair user were explored. Participants initially selected one of six opposite gender head shots and subsequently viewed their selection's whole body photograph in a wheelchair along with reading a short biography. Primarily undergraduate Hispanic and Caucasian students (N = 810) were surveyed regarding their interest in potentially being friends, dating, or marrying a wheelchair user, with 66% indicating they would have no problem dating or marrying a wheelchair user. Chi-square tests of pairwise association, logistical regression, and test of proportional odds revealed significant differences, p = 0.001, between ethnicity, gender, type of relationship, and having had a prior disability relationship. Personal traits of intelligence, humor, kindness, and physical appearance were rated most highly. Those unwilling to date or marry their selection perceived the partner would require too much caregiving, social interaction awkwardness, inability to sexually perform, and the partner being sick often. Counselors can benefit from informing clients about intimacy misconceptions by role-playing and providing clients with insights regarding societal beliefs. (Contains 6 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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