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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Financial Exigency; Financial Problems; Higher Education; Financial Support; Undergraduate Students; Colleges; Income; Economic Development; Educational Finance

Abstract:
The accountants Grant Thornton (GT) do a welcome and nice piece of pro bono work by analysing the annual accounts of the UK's 160 (sic) HEIs and compiling a report on "The Financial Health of the Higher Education Sector"--this year entitled "The calm before the storm"! GT duly note that, if the US Department of Education's "ratio-based methodology" were applied to the UK HEIs, 104 of them would "fare well" under this way of assessing "the financial condition" of universities and colleges, while a not insignificant thirty-four would require "careful monitoring" and a worrying twenty-two "would be barred from Federal funding programmes". However, GT warn of the gathering storm clouds: notably the uncertainty over the recruitment of Home/EU undergraduates as the higher fees kick in, the impact on overseas student numbers of the UK Border Agency's increasingly stringent policy on (not) awarding immigration visas, and the massive cost of eventually having to catch up with a long-term backlog of infrastructure maintenance and ageing buildings. Thus, GT sees UK HE as "entering a period of uncertainty" in which Government HE policy will have "potentially devastating consequences" and in which some HEIs "may find it difficult to survive as autonomous bodies". Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Counselors; Income; Career Counseling; Correlation; Life Satisfaction; Military Personnel; Occupations; Mentors

Abstract:
This study examined experienced military members (N = 136, average age 51 years) transitioning to a 2nd occupation, specifically K-12 teaching, and revealed correlations between the length of their transition to both perceived support and income. Perceived support from family and friends had a small, positive correlation with transition time (r = 0.31), while income had a small, negative correlation with transition time (r = -0.28). The Career Transitions Inventory (Heppner, 1991), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), demographic questions, and open-ended questions were used. Implications for career counselors working with transitioning military members are discussed, along with future implications for research and practice. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Job Security; Probability; Human Capital; Social Capital; Wages; Labor Supply; Rural Development; Foreign Countries; Employment; Agricultural Occupations; Interpersonal Relationship; Role; Income; Place of Residence; Prediction

Abstract:
This article analyzes off-farm work among subsistence-level farmers in the Santarem region of the Brazilian Amazon. We build on the literature on rural livelihoods in the Global South by exploring how the opportunity to work off the farm is embedded in social relationships. We additionally differentiate our analysis by type of off-farm work, and examine how other characteristics such as human capital, the available labor supply, and access to infrastructure vary by work outcome. In general, the factors that contribute to more secure, relatively higher-paying work differ from those important in understanding patterns of lower-paying, daily wage work. We find that on-farm social capital, measured as the presence of a co-resident on the property who works off the farm, increases an individual's probability of working off the farm, but has a stronger effect for lower-wage work. We also find that the farm owner's relationship to households on the farm property plays a significant role in predicting patterns of off-farm work. These findings suggest that social capital plays an important role in providing access to employment and therefore to cash income, but that farm-level social capital does not necessarily provide pathways to stable or high-paying jobs outside agriculture. (Contains 3 tables, 3 figures and 16 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Psychological Patterns; Income; Risk; Disadvantaged; Measurement; Social Indicators

Abstract:
We compute the Gini indexes for income, happiness and various simulated utility levels. Due to decreasing marginal utility of income, happiness inequality should be lower than income inequality. We find that happiness inequality is about half that of income inequality. To compute the utility levels we need to assume values for a key parameter that can be interpreted as a measure of relative risk aversion. If this coefficient is above one, as many economists believe, then a large part of happiness inequality is not related to pecuniary dimensions of life. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Psychological Needs; Need Gratification; Well Being; Income; Older Adults; Security (Psychology); Path Analysis; Poverty; Life Satisfaction; Theories; Economic Status

Abstract:
The most prominent theory to explain the curvilinear relationship between income and subjective well-being (SWB) is need theory, which proposes that increased income and wealth can lead to increased well-being in poverty because money is used to satisfy basic physiological needs. The present study tests the tenets of need theory by proposing that money can buy happiness beyond poverty if the money satisfies higher-order needs. Findings indicate that in older adults (n = 1,284), as economic standing rises, so do individual perceptions of financial security (a safety need), which in turn increases overall life satisfaction. Further, a path model tested the degree to which financial security and psychological need satisfaction mediated the path from economic standing to life satisfaction and demonstrated the complete mediation through higher-order needs--there was a 66% reduction in the direct link through financial security and a 34% reduction through psychological need satisfaction. Discussion focuses on how these mediation and path models extend need theory. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Disabilities; Public Schools; Private Sector; Social Work; Partnerships in Education; Privatization; Social Services; School Community Relationship; Special Education; School Districts; Income

Abstract:
Privatized service delivery within Medicaid has greatly increased over the past two decades. This public program-private sector collaboration is quite common today, with a majority of Medicaid recipients receiving services in this fashion; yet controversy remains. This article focuses on just one program within Medicaid, school-based services for children with special education disabilities--the Medicaid School Program. A survey of public school districts within a region of one Midwest state found some expected results: Most districts were enrolled in the Medicaid program and receiving reimbursements for services; annual revenues were moderate; and a majority of districts provided most of the available Medicaid services. However, it was also found that almost every school district contracted with an outside private company to perform most of the Medicaid administrative functions (eligibility, billing, compliance), and almost every district was extremely satisfied with this collaborative arrangement--benefiting both entities. Support for this type of partnership is discussed in the context of public schools' and the social work profession's current fiscal and political challenges. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Holidays; Seasonal Employment; Service Occupations; Self Employment; Income; Occupational Information

Abstract:
Professional Santas entertain children and adults during the holiday season at all types of events. They work at shopping malls or stores; entertain crowds at parades and tree lightings; and make appearances at holiday parties, charity events, and people's homes. Most Santas work during the Christmas holiday season, which usually lasts from late November through December 25. Santas at shopping malls or department stores often work 10-hour shifts and see more than 150 children each day, according to the International Council of Shopping Centers. There are no formal educational requirements for becoming a professional Santa. However, aspiring Santas often develop their skills by attending schools, conventions, or workshops. Santa schools typically last a few days, charge tuition, and include detailed instruction on topics such as beard maintenance, communication skills, and sleigh flying. Santa conventions take place all over the world and offer both beginner and experienced Santas the opportunity to mix and mingle. In this article, Phil Wenz describes his job playing Santa Claus. Wenz has been dressing up as Santa Claus for nearly 50 years. As a teenager, he dressed up as Santa to visit patients at a local hospital. He continued to play Santa in parades and other events, eventually landing a full-time Santa job at a Christmas theme park in Dundee, Illinois. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Energy; Power Technology; Facilities; Employment Opportunities; Occupational Information; Credentials; Qualifications; Scientists; Engineering; Technical Occupations; Skilled Workers; Building Trades; Paraprofessional Personnel; Income; Employment

Abstract:
In the search for new energy resources, scientists have discovered ways to use the Earth itself as a valuable source of power. Geothermal power plants use the Earth's natural underground heat to provide clean, renewable energy. The geothermal energy industry has expanded rapidly in recent years as interest in renewable energy has grown. In 2011, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted about 1,050 jobs in geothermal power generation. And the Geothermal Energy Association estimates that there were about 5,200 jobs directly related to geothermal power production and management in the United States in 2010. Geothermal energy production is expected to continue to grow, and with it the demand for workers in associated occupations. This article describes geothermal energy and career opportunities in the industry, focusing on geothermal projects that generate electricity for power grids. The first two sections explain geothermal energy and how it works, and the third section discusses the different steps necessary to construct a geothermal plant. The fourth section highlights occupations that are critical to the geothermal industry. Each occupational overview includes information on job duties; occupational wage and employment data; and the credentials needed to work in these occupations, such as education, training, certification, and licensure. Sources for more information are listed at the end of the article. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Goal Orientation; Feedback (Response); Income; School Psychologists; Insurance; School Districts; Counties; Intervention; Documentation; Costs

Abstract:
We examined a performance improvement package with components of feedback, goal setting, and prompting to generate additional revenue by improving the consistency of Medicaid billing submitted by 74 school psychologists serving 102 schools. A multiple baseline design across three service areas of a county school system demonstrated the effectiveness of the intervention to increase the number of school psychologists who completed their required documentation for Medicaid billing in a timely manner. This resulted in a substantial gain in income for the school district, which increased more than three times over baseline levels, with a small investment of additional time by all personnel involved. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Student Financial Aid; Income; College Freshmen; Paying for College; Public Colleges; Selective Admission; Private Colleges; Costs

Abstract:
We examine college affordability under the existing pricing and financial aid system that awards both non need-based and need-based aid. Using data of freshmen attending a large number of selective private and public colleges in the USA, we find that the prices students actually pay for college have increased over time. Need-based grant aid has not kept pace with the substantial increases in non need-based aid. Most importantly, although low-income students received more subsidies than higher-income students, the existing financial aid system does not provide enough affordability to needy students. Nonetheless, the deficiency cannot be attributed to the increases in non need-based aid. (Contains 5 tables, 4 figures and 21 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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