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Descriptors:
Evidence; Ethics; Validity; Theories; Test Interpretation; Test Use; Scores; Beliefs

Abstract:
According to Kane (this issue), "the validity of a proposed interpretation or use depends on how well the evidence supports" the claims being made. Because truth and evidence are distinct, this means that the validity of a test score interpretation could be high even though the interpretation is false. As an illustration, we discuss the case of phlogiston measurement as it existed in the 18th century. At face value, Kane's theory would seem to imply that interpretations of phlogiston measurement were valid in the 18th century (because the evidence for them was strong), even though amounts of phlogiston do not exist and hence cannot be measured. We suggest that this neglects an important aspect of validity and suggest various ways in which Kane's theory could meet this challenge. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Addictive Behavior; Antisocial Behavior; Crime; Disclosure; Confidentiality; Legal Responsibility; Ethics; Human Services; Counselors; Students; Online Surveys

Abstract:
Preserving confidentiality is problematic for human service practitioners if they know that a client is seriously harming a third party or could do so in the future. The present study concerned financial harm, as generated by gambling-related theft. Clients who disclose gambling-related theft potentially create a dilemma for practitioners, who may need to consider whether they have a professional duty to warn or in other ways protect third parties who are identifiable but uninvolved in treatment. Study participants included specialist gambling counsellors, practitioners working in agencies likely to attract clients with gambling problems and students in training. Data was collected by means of an online survey. Findings reveal how practitioners construe their profession's legal and ethical obligations when clients admit to gambling-related theft and when they personally believe that disclosure is warranted. Areas of uncertainty and disagreement have import for employing agencies, professional associations and tertiary training institutions. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Validity; Test Interpretation; Test Use; Scores; Inferences; Generalization; Test Results; Decision Making; Beliefs; Ethics; Evidence

Abstract:
This response to the comments contains three main sections, each addressing a subset of the comments. In the first section, I will respond to the comments by Brennan, Haertel, and Moss. All of these comments suggest ways in which my presentation could be extended or improved; I generally agree with their suggestions, so my response to their comments is brief. In the second section, I will respond to suggestions by Newton and Sireci that my framework be simplified by employing only one kind of argument, a validity argument, and dropping the interpretation/use argument (IUA); I am sympathetic to their desire for greater simplicity, but I see considerable value in keeping the IUA as a framework for the validation effort and will argue for keeping both the IUA and the validity argument. In the third section, I will respond to Borsboom and Markus, who raise a fundamental objection to my approach to validation, suggesting that I give too much attention to justification and too little to truth as a criterion for validity; I don't accept their proposed conception of validity, and I will indicate why. (Contains 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Justice; Intellectual Development; Models; Teaching Methods; Definitions; Ethics; Information Sources

Abstract:
There are many models for education that place students in the forefront. This proposed model for informational education presents a particular structural and pedagogical suggestion that aims at enabling students to grow intellectually. It also situates education, as a human action, with a system of justice. The intellectual and personal growth of students, as is demonstrated here, depends upon a clear idea of what is just within institutions and among people. Definitions and examples are offered wherever possible to illustrate the efficacy of the suggested model. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Disabilities; Foreign Countries; Special Education; Special Needs Students; Student Diversity; Cultural Pluralism; Teaching Methods; Classification; Educational Policy; Guidelines; Ethics; Social Justice; Educational Practices

Abstract:
Policy and practice responses to diversity and difference in pupil populations continue to challenge education systems around the world. This paper considers how teachers' understandings of diversity and difference and their pedagogical responses at the local level are influenced by, and can be reconciled with, policy at the general level with its impulse for categorisation, normalcy and "ableness". Two frameworks around orientations to diversity and types of pedagogic need are combined in order to examine this tension and develop possible responses. This is illustrated through the example of special educational needs as a type of difference. The paper argues that for critical, ethical and socially just pedagogies, policy needs to support teachers in acknowledging and troubling difference at the classroom level. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Ethics; Crime; International Trade; Water Quality; Stakeholders; Federal Legislation; Law Enforcement; Corporations; Developing Nations; Foreign Countries; Case Studies; Business Administration Education; Law Related Education; Case Method (Teaching Technique)

Abstract:
This case study examines the role of bribery in the global marketplace through an example involving access to safe drinking water in the developing world. Parts II and III set out the objectives and methods of classroom delivery for the case study. Part IV is the background reading relating to bribery with particular emphasis on the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in the United States. This background information is followed by a discussion of the problem of lack of access to safe drinking water in the developing world, a hypothetical state in which a water treatment facility is to be constructed to address this problem, and background information regarding four potential bidders for construction of the facility. These four bidders represent a wide range of companies from publicly traded corporations with strong antibribery cultures and protections to privately and governmentally owned enterprises with weaker anticorruption measures. These factual sections are followed in Part VI by questions addressing stakeholders and the application of ethical theories to the bidding process for the construction of the facility. (Contains 147 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Internship Programs; Business Administration Education; Experiential Learning; Federal Legislation; Compliance (Legal); Minimum Wage; Civil Rights Legislation; Court Litigation; Ethics

Abstract:
The concept of serving an apprenticeship as a means of training skilled workers dates to the Middle Ages. Apprenticeships in the Middle Ages and during the Renaissance were typically seven years in duration, in order to ensure that the masters recouped their investment and that the apprentice was given sufficient time to become skilled and not simply exploited as cheap labor. The experience arguably imparted not only artisan skills, but also the tacit skills needed for professional success, such as informed intuition, judgment under pressure, ease with clients, and problem-solving abilities, skills that often improve with experience. Recently, however, the apprenticeship system is reemerging as a promising model for improving job skills, particularly in the "Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics" (STEM) fields. Currently, numerous Web sites match prospective interns to prospective positions. While today apprenticeships are typically paid positions, unpaid internships also provide a vehicle for developing both tacit and job-related skills. This article examines the pedagogical, legal, and ethical issues concerning unpaid internships and their implication for business education for the student, the employer, and the educational institution. The recent enforcement efforts by the Labor Department against employers that illegally fail to pay interns makes this a particularly timely discussion to guide all parties involved in internships. (Contains 179 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Art Therapy; Visual Aids; Art Products; Ethics; Developmental Stages

Abstract:
Using the metaphor of the human life cycle, the author of this viewpoint suggests that consideration of the birth, life, and death of images made in art therapy may promote a new perspective on their ethical treatment. A developmental view of images encourages art therapists to see art images as living entities that undergo a natural life cycle. The birth process adds meaning to the image and encourages the careful tending of images newly born. An "adolescent" image might challenge its creator, whereas images in "middle age" or later may be revisited to offer new perspectives. A developmental view of images supports the integration of meaning derived from all stages of the life span. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Mathematics Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Ethics; Canada Natives; Laws; Educational Research; Politics of Education; Indigenous Populations; World Views; Conflict; Educational Change; Educational Philosophy; Mathematics Instruction

Abstract:
In mathematics education, there are (at least) two seemingly disparate and unethical issues that have been allowed to continue unresolved for decades: the math wars (traditional versus reform teaching and learning of mathematics) and the marginalisation of Indigenous students within K-12 mathematics. Willie Ermine, an Indigenous scholar, has proposed the use of ethical spaces to explore and analyse occurrences of unethical situations arising between the "intersection of Indigenous law and Canadian Legal systems" (Ermine, "Indigenous Law Journal" 6(1):193-203, 2007). This paper brings Ermine's notion of ethical spaces to the field of mathematics education research as the theoretical framework for analysing the aforementioned issues. The result of this analysis is a potential single theoretical resolution to both dilemmas that can also serve as a significant factor in the processes of decolonisation. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Higher Education; Awards; Ethics; Foreign Countries; Humanities; Educational Change; Educational Policy; Commercialization; Marketing; Newspapers; Reputation; Institutional Characteristics; Educational Strategies; Educational Objectives; News Reporting

Abstract:
This paper argues that the "Times Higher" provides a powerful tool for understanding the changing character of UK higher education (HE) and can usefully be seen as representative, and in some ways constitutive, of that changing character. Drawing on an analysis of a sample of stories from the "Times Higher," it documents the changing policy climate of UK HE from 1979 to 2010. It offers a broadly chronological account of themes that have emerged as prominent at different times during this period, pointing, "inter alia," to fears about threats to the humanities, the rise of various forms of instrumentalism and the incorporation of HE institutions and agencies into a common mindset characterised by a preoccupation with marketing and corporate success. The last of these is embodied in the changing format of the newspaper itself and in its own activities as a key player in the HE sector, notably as a sponsor of university rankings and awards. Whilst being sensitive to countervailing tendencies, the authors suggest that the growing instrumentalisation of HE and related cultural shifts represent a changed "structure of feeling" in UK HE. They conclude that the university rankings, awards and other image commodities that are a key part of this changed structure of feeling now play such a substantial role in the cultural life of universities that the norms of both rationality and professional ethics which tended to prevail in deliberations about university strategy 30 years ago may no longer be taken for granted. (Contains 82 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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