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Descriptors:
Sexuality; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Disease Control; Sex Education; Visual Impairments; Young Adults; Surveys; Contraception; Teaching Methods; Instructional Materials

Abstract:
Introduction: Little research has been reported on all aspects of sexuality as it pertains to individuals with visual impairments. This article analyzes data on the sexual experiences of young adults who are visually impaired and young adults without disabilities. Methods: The authors conducted a secondary analysis of the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (NLTS2) federal database and assessed a nationally representative sample of transition-aged young adults with visual impairments. During the same period as the NLTS2, identical survey questions were asked of young adults without disabilities who participated in survey research by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC survey sample included young adults who were two to three years younger than the participants in the NLTS2 sample. The descriptive analysis presents estimates of the sexual activity and use of contraception by both samples. Results: Of the transition-aged young adults with visual impairments, 57% reported having sexual intercourse, and of the transition-aged young adults without disabilities, 65% reported having sexual intercourse. Likewise, nearly 40% of the young adults with visual impairments and approximately 50% of those without disabilities reported having had sexual intercourse in the three months before the survey. The use of condoms was also similar (64% of those with visual impairments and 54% of those without disabilities) even though the use of contraceptives other than condoms varied between the samples. Discussion: The transition-aged young adults with visual impairments reported having similar rates of sexual experiences as their sighted counterparts, except two to three years later. Implications for Practitioners: The researchers concluded that there is a need to provide effective instruction in sexual health that incorporates meaningful methods and materials that are designed specifically to meet the unique needs of young adults who are visually impaired. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Inservice Teacher Education; Immunization Programs; Labor; Clinics; Costs; School Nurses; Disease Control; Diseases; Role; School Districts; Surveys

Abstract:
School nurses played a key role in Maine's school-located influenza vaccination (SLV) clinics during the 2009-2010 pandemic season. The objective of this study was to determine, from the school district perspective, the labor hours and costs associated with outside-clinic coordination activities (OCA). The authors defined OCA as labor hours spent by staff outside of clinic operations. The authors surveyed a convenience sample of 10 school nurses from nine school districts. Eight nurses responded to the survey, representing seven districts, 45 schools and 84 SLV clinics that provided a total of 22,596 vaccine doses (H1N1 and seasonal combined) to children and adolescents. The mean total OCA time per clinic was 69 hours: out of total hours, 22 (36%) were spent outside regular clinic operation time. The authors estimated the mean cost of OCA to be $15.36 per dose. Survey respondents reported that costs would be lower during non-pandemic seasons and as schools become more proficient at planning clinics. (Contains 5 tables and 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Health Programs; Stakeholders; Public Health; Health Personnel; Change Agents; Focus Groups; Child Health; Qualitative Research; Interviews; Child Caregivers; Program Effectiveness; Access to Health Care; Developing Nations; Health Promotion; Nutrition; Community Health Services; Disease Control

Abstract:
The Nutrition and Malaria Control for Child Survival Project is a community-based growth promotion project that utilizes Community Health Workers (CHWs), referred to as Community Child Growth Promoters (CCGPs), as the principal change agents. The purpose of this study was to identify perceptions of key stakeholders about the project and the role of the CCGPs. The study employed qualitative methods: focus group discussions with CCGPs and care givers, exit interviews with care givers, and key informant interviews with health workers and CCGPs. All stakeholders interviewed expressed appreciation for the project and the role of the CCGPs. Respondents indicated that the project, through the CCGPs, had improved access to growth promotion services for children in their communities and made community mobilization for health programs easier. Caregivers appreciated the role of the CCGPS because they were their own people, who spoke their language, understood their situations better, treated them better and were readily accessible. CCGPs on their part believed they were playing a very important role in their communities and were happy with their prestigious position; though they hoped for incentives. This appraisal adds to the evidence on the important role played by CHWs in the developing world. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Developing Nations; Health Education; Public Health; Program Effectiveness; Surveys; Pretests Posttests; Comparative Analysis; Community Health Services; Community Programs; Disease Control; Prevention; Health Promotion; Intervention; Rural Areas; Entomology; Costs

Abstract:
Globally mosquito-borne lymphatic filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by 2020. Towards this goal, the scope of community-based vector control as a supplementary strategy to mass drug administration (MDA) was assessed through an intensive education campaign and evaluated using pre- and post-educational surveys in an intervention and comparison village in Tamil Nadu, South India. Environmental and entomological indicators for breeding sites and mosquito density were examined before and after the intervention. Significant ("P" less than 0.05) increase in knowledge was observed in intervention area with regard to transmission and control of LF. Relative change between intervention and comparison villages before and after intervention was also significant ("z" = greater than 1.96). Multiple mosquito control and personal protection methods were in use during the post-intervention assessment and was evident from the significantly ("P" less than 0.05) higher average score. Breeding sources declined significantly ("P" less than 0.05) in the intervention village with a significant relative change ("z" = 4.32). Significant reduction in per man-hour indoor resting density of mosquitoes was observed in the intervention area compared to baseline. The per capita cost for reducing 87% of the mosquito density was $0.32 indicating the effectiveness of community-based approach. The usefulness of this strategy in the elimination of LF is discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Pregnancy; Poisoning; Drug Therapy; Patients; Foreign Countries; Disease Control; Kindergarten; Young Children; Immunization Programs; Child Health; Diseases; Microbiology; Public Health; Disease Incidence; Communicable Diseases; Hospitals

Abstract:
The "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" ("MMWR") Series is prepared by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data presented by the Notifiable Disease Data Team and 122 Cities Mortality Data Team in the weekly "MMWR" are provisional, based on weekly reports to CDC by state health departments. This issue of "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report" includes the following reports: (1) Lead Poisoning in Pregnant Women Who Used Ayurvedic Medications from India--New York City, 2011-2012 (Paromita Hore, Munerah Ahmed, Jacqueline Ehrlich, Celia Ng, Lourdes Steffen, Slavenka Sedlar, Phyllis Curry-Johnson, Nathan Graber, Deborah Nagin, Nancy Clark, Robert Saper, and Marissa Scalia Sucosky); (2) Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten--United States, 2011-12 School Year (Stacie M. Greby, Karen G. Wooten, Cynthia L. Knighton, Bob Avey, and Shannon Stokley); and (3) Tattoo-Associated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Skin Infections--Multiple States, 2011-2012 (Brenden Bedard, Byron Kennedy, Vincent Escuyer, Kara Mitchell, Jeffrey S. Duchin, Paul Pottinger, Stanley Hurst, Ken Sharp, Timothy Wickham, Sarah Jackson, Wendy Bamberg, Pamela LeBlanc, Linda M. Katz, Taranisia MacCannell, Judith Noble-Wang, Heather O'Connell, Alexander Kallen, Bette Jensen, Duc B. Nguyen, and Michael H. Kinzer). QuickStats are also included. Individual reports contain figures, tables and references. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Elementary School Students; Physical Education; Disease Control; Courses; Obesity; Academic Achievement; Achievement Tests; Grade 5; Probability; Body Weight; Body Composition; Scores

Abstract:
In response to the dramatic rise in childhood obesity, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and other organizations have advocated increasing the time that elementary school children spend in physical education (PE) classes. However, little is known about the effect of PE on child weight. This paper measures that effect by instrumenting for child PE time with state policies, using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS-K) for 1998-2004. Results from IV models indicate that PE lowers BMI z-score and reduces the probability of obesity among 5th graders (in particular, boys), while the instrument is insufficiently powerful to reliably estimate effects for younger children. This represents some of the first evidence of a causal effect of PE on youth obesity, and thus offers at least some support to the assumptions behind the CDC recommendations. We find no evidence that increased PE time crowds out time in academic courses or has spillovers to achievement test scores. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Disease Control; African Americans; Race; Genealogy; Males; Cancer; Oncology; Researchers; Diseases; Black Colleges; Higher Education; Health Behavior; Human Body; Ethnic Groups

Abstract:
Prostate cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control in the walnut-sized prostate gland. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, African-American men have a higher rate of getting the disease and dying from it than any other racial or ethnic group. One in five African-American men has a chance of being diagnosed, and one in 20 is likely to die from it. Besides race and ethnicity, family history and increasing age are also factors that increase risk. Also, a more aggressive form of the cancer and unique genetic factors are areas that researchers are studying, as well as causes, treatments, cures and ways to improve early detection of the disease in African-American men. Leading the way in prostate cancer research, Clark Atlanta University's Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development is reportedly the only university center in the U.S. that is 100 percent dedicated to research and education on prostate cancer in African-Americans. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Health Services; Evidence; Risk; Foreign Countries; Child Health; Immunization Programs; Student Surveys; Compliance (Psychology); Diseases; Microbiology; Student Behavior; Hygiene; Dormitories; Campuses; Disease Control; College Students

Abstract:
Objective: The aim of this Canadian study was to assess student behavioral response to disease transmission risk, while identifying high microbial deposition/transmission sites. Participants: A student survey was conducted during October 2009. Methods: The methods included a survey of students to assess use of health services, vaccination compliance, and hygiene along with a microbial analysis of potential transmission sites targeting specific residence buildings on campus. Results: Results indicated that most students maintained that they were worried about H1N1 and reported making changes in hygienic behavior, with the majority not planning to be vaccinated. The microbial analysis indicated contamination of fomites in co-ed residences to be higher than either male or female student residences. Conclusions: A consideration of physical space along with behavioral factors is required in order to properly assess risk pathways in the establishment of an evidence-based infection control plan for universities and their contiguous communities. (Contains 1 table and 5 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Pregnancy; Disease Control; Human Body; Microbiology; Child Health; Immunization Programs; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Fatigue (Biology); Diseases; Chronic Illness; Older Adults

Abstract:
Flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. It can cause mild to severe illness, and sometimes can lead to death. Symptoms of flu can include fever or a feverish feeling, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headache, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. Flu can be especially dangerous for young children, pregnant women, older people, and those with certain chronic medical conditions, such as asthma, diabetes, and neurological disorders. Flu can worsen chronic conditions and can lead to other complications, like pneumonia. An estimated 5 to 20 percent of the U.S. population becomes infected with the flu each year. About 200,000 of these flu sufferers are hospitalized each year, including 20,000 children under the age of 5. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers annual vaccination to be the single best way to prevent the flu. Parents and teachers are essential allies in efforts to increase awareness about the importance of flu vaccination, and encourage more people to protect themselves by getting vaccinated. This article discusses some facts about flu vaccination. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Foreign Countries; Grade 11; Scientific Principles; Scientific Literacy; Persuasive Discourse; High School Students; Comprehension; Cognitive Processes; Familiarity; Science and Society; Mixed Methods Research; Disease Control; Genetics; Food; Controversial Issues (Course Content)

Abstract:
The study investigated the relationship of high school students' understandings about nature of science (NOS) aspects and their argumentation skills in relation to two controversial socioscientific issues. The study was conducted in five schools selected from different geographical areas in Beirut, Lebanon. Participants were 219 grade 11 students. Students in all the schools were administered a survey that consisted of two scenarios that addressed the controversial socioscientific issues about genetically modified food and water fluoridation. The two scenarios were followed by questions relating to argumentation and NOS. The study used a mixed methods approach where quantitative and qualitative measures were employed. Analysis involved participants' views of the target NOS aspects (subjective, tentative, and empirical) and their argumentation components (argument, counterargument, and rebuttal). The Pearson analyses showed strong correlations between the counterargument, compared to argument and rebuttal, and the three NOS aspects. Further, the chi-square analyses showed significant differences in participants' argumentation skills and NOS understandings between the two scenarios. Qualitative data from questionnaires and interviews further confirmed these findings. Two central implications for the teaching of NOS and argumentation skills were discussed in terms of highlighting the role of counterarguments and considering contextual factors that involve issue exposure and familiarity, prior content knowledge, and personal relevance. (Contains 8 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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