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Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Human Capital; Educational Attainment; Outcomes of Education; Cost Effectiveness; Education Work Relationship; Health; Child Health; Spouses; Infant Mortality; Mortality Rate; Birth Rate; Parent Background; Cognitive Development; Psychological Patterns; Efficiency; Work Environment; Lifelong Learning; Citizen Participation; Civil Rights; Politics; Poverty; Crime; Conservation (Environment)

Abstract:
This paper estimates the effects of human capital skills largely created through education on life's chances over the life cycle. Qualifications as a measure of these skills affect earnings, and schooling affects private and social non-market benefits beyond earnings. Private non-market benefits include better own-health, child health, spousal health, infant mortality, longevity, fertility, household efficiency, asset management and happiness. Social benefits include increased democratisation, civil rights, political stability, reduced crime, lower prison, health and welfare costs, and new ideas. Individual benefits enhance community-wide development. New "narrow" social rates of return using UK Labour Force earnings correct for institutional costs, longitudinal trends and ability. The paper's objective, however, is to estimate these earnings plus non-market outcomes comprehensively without overlaps and also relative to costs. Non-market outcomes are measured by averaging regression coefficients from published studies that meet scientific standards. New UK "narrow" social rates of return average 12.1 per cent for short-cycle and 13.6 per cent for bachelor's programmes. Augmented with non-market effects on life chances, they are over twice that. Short degrees are found effective for regional development and have potential for developing countries. (Contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 9 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Higher Education; Minority Groups; Birth Rate; Graduation Rate; Hispanic American Students; Educational Attainment; Enrollment; College Attendance; Academic Achievement; Student Participation; Learner Engagement; Educational Research; Economic Factors; Predictor Variables

Abstract:
Hispanics continue to play an increasing role in shaping American society, as they are currently the largest and youngest minority group and whose birth rate accounts for a quarter of all children born in the United States (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). This increase in the total number of Hispanics will result in a corresponding increase in college enrollments. Unfortunately, Hispanics currently lag behind other groups in terms of bachelor's degree attainment (Fry, 2004; Llagas & Snyder, 2003) with no significant changes in higher education that could alter graduation rates for this minority group. As such, U.S. President Obama's administrative goal to increase postsecondary attainment levels to exceed all other countries in the next decade will be impossible to reach without finding ways to increase and support the academic success of Hispanic students (Nunez & Crisp, 2011). This effort extends a recent review by the authors (2009) by offering a line of investigation that identifies research most needed to advance the understanding of how Hispanic students experience college, with a focus toward identifying factors that support student success. First the authors highlight several specific methodological, conceptual, and theoretical issues limiting the existing knowledge base on Hispanic students. Within the identification of those issues, they call for new perspectives that they hope researchers will consider in studying the success of Hispanic college students. They then discuss what they believe to be areas of research that deserve the immediate attention of higher education scholars, incorporating recommendations from scholars engaged in work on Hispanic student success. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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 ERIC Full Text (304K)

Descriptors:
Females; Adolescents; Birth Rate; Birth Order; Marital Status; Premature Infants; Surgery; Hispanic Americans; Mothers; Body Weight; Comparative Analysis; Pregnancy; Racial Differences; African Americans; Whites; Asian Americans; American Indians; Alaska Natives; Early Parenthood; Age Differences; Pacific Islanders

Abstract:
Objectives: This report presents preliminary data for 2011 on births in the United States. U.S. data on births are shown by age, live-birth order, race, and Hispanic origin of mother. Data on marital status, cesarean delivery, preterm births, and low birthweight are also presented. Methods: Data in this report are based on approximately 100 percent of 2011 births. Records for the few states with less than 100 percent of records received are weighted to independent control counts of all births received in state vital statistics offices in 2011. Comparisons are made with final 2010 data. Results: The 2011 preliminary number of US births was 3,953,593, 1 percent less (or 45,793 fewer) births than in 2010; the general fertility rate (63.2 per 1,000 women age 15-44 years) declined to the lowest rate ever reported for the United States. The number of births declined for most race and Hispanic origin groups in 2011, whereas the rate declined only for Hispanic, non-Hispanic black and AIAN women. (1) The birth rate for teenagers 15-19 years fell 8 percent in 2011 (31.3 births per 1,000 teenagers 15-19 years), another record low, with rates declining for younger and older teenagers and for all race and Hispanic origin groups. (2) The birth rates for women in their twenties declined as well, to a historic low for women aged 20-24 (85.3 births per 1,000). (3) The birth rate for women in their early thirties was unchanged in 2011 but rose for women aged 35-39 and 40-44. (4) The birth rate for women in their late forties was unchanged in 2011. (5) The first birth rate in 2011 (25.4 births per 1,000) was the lowest ever recorded for the United States. (6) The birth rate, the number of births, and the percentage of births to unmarried women each declined for the third consecutive year. The birth rate was 46.1 birth per 1,000 unmarried women aged 15-44 and the percentage of births to unmarried women was 40.7. (7) The cesarean delivery rate was 32.8 percent unchanged from 2010. (8) The preterm birth rate fell for the 5th straight year in 2011 to 11.72; declines were reported for each of the largest race and Hispanic origin groups. (9) The 2011 low birthweight rate was 8.10 percent, down slightly from 8.15 percent in 2010. (Contains 4 figures and 10 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Evidence; Poverty; Mothers; Disadvantaged; Birth Rate; Child Rearing; Adolescents; Program Effectiveness; Early Parenthood; Parents; Trend Analysis; Marital Status; Correlation; Parent Education; Program Evaluation; Child Health; Well Being; Child Development; Child Behavior; Mental Health; Health Behavior; Educational Attainment; Employment Level; Income; At Risk Persons

Abstract:
In 2010, the declining birth rate among teenagers in the United States reached an historic low, and since 1991, the rate has declined 44 percent. Though this trend is promising, 372,252 teens nevertheless became mothers in 2010. That same year, 41 percent of all births were to unmarried women. Moreover, in 2010, 15 percent of the U.S. population lived in poverty, as did 22 percent of children and 47 percent of children in single-mother families. These statistics underscore the association between single parenthood and childhood poverty; a significant body of research documents the negative implications of teen and non-marital parenthood for children and parents. Therefore, it is important to identify evidence-based parenting programs that focus on the well-being of youth parents and their children. This Fact Sheet reviews 20 parenting programs that are geared toward enhancing the parent's development and/or educating disadvantaged and teenage mothers on effective parenting methods. Each program was evaluated in a random-assignment study. Of the 11 programs that measured child outcomes, eight programs found at least one positive impact on a child outcome area. In addition, of the 19 programs that measured parent outcomes, ten programs found at least one positive impact on a parent outcome. (Contains 1 table and 53 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Crime; Well Being; Birth Rate; High School Graduates; Statistical Data; Social Environment; Physical Environment; Public Agencies; Violence; Children; Child Health; Adolescents; Social Indicators; Economics; Health Insurance; Mathematics Achievement; Reading Achievement; Child Behavior; Body Weight; Drug Use; Family (Sociological Unit); Family Structure; Sexuality; Smoking; Health Services; Victims of Crime; Poverty; Employment; Trend Analysis; Ethnic Groups; High School Students

Abstract:
Each year since 1997, the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics has published a report on the well-being of children and families. Pending data availability, the Forum updates all 41 indicators annually on its Web site (http://childstats.gov) and alternates publishing a detailed report, "America's Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being," with a summary version that highlights selected indicators. The "America's Children" series makes Federal data on children and families available in a nontechnical, easy-to-use format in order to stimulate discussion among data providers, policymakers, and the public. The Forum fosters coordination and integration among 22 Federal agencies that produce or use statistical data on children and families, and seeks to improve Federal data on children and families. The "America's Children" series provides accessible compendiums of indicators drawn across topics from the most reliable official statistics; it is designed to complement other more specialized, technical, or comprehensive reports produced by various Forum agencies. Indicators are chosen because they are easy to understand, are based on substantial research connecting them to child well-being, cut across important areas of children's lives, are measured regularly so that they can be updated and show trends over time, and represent large segments of the population, rather than one particular group. These child well-being indicators span seven domains: "Family and Social Environment", "Economic Circumstances", "Health Care", "Physical Environment and Safety", "Behavior", "Education", and "Health". This report reveals that preterm births declined for the fourth straight year and that the adolescent birth rate declined. Average mathematics scores for 4th- and 8th-grade students increased, and the violent crime victimization rate among youth decreased. However, the percentage of children living in poverty increased, and the percentage of children with at least one parent employed full time, year round decreased. New this year is a detailed figure showing the percentage of children in race groups constituting less than 10 percent of the population. This detailed figure, available only online at http://childstats.gov, supplements Figure 1 in this Brief; the latter uses a wider lens to show the percentage of children by race and Hispanic origin. Readers will also note a revised figure showing the percentages of high school graduates who completed selected coursework (Figure 13 in this Brief). The Brief concludes with a summary table displaying the most recent data for all 41 indicators. (Contains 15 figures and 36 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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 ERIC Full Text (2448K)

Descriptors:
Foreign Countries; Futures (of Society); Children; Youth; Social Development; Economic Development; Educational Attainment; Health; Birth Rate; Decision Making; Child Rearing; Social Values; Demography; Family (Sociological Unit)

Abstract:
The future of Russian society is manifested in the new generation, the community of children and young people. To a large extent, the country's social and economic development depends on the health and education of the rising generation, on its social values and orientations, its spirituality and morality, and its level of cultural accumulation. The comprehensive study and assessment of the potential and the quality of children represent a very important condition that is necessary for the formulation of an effective state policy oriented toward the preservation of the nation and the social and demographic development of Russia. The profound social and economic reforms got under way in the early 1990s, and the generations born then are no longer children. In 10 to 15 years, today's youngsters will constitute not only the main segment of Russia's working and creative population but also its demographic foundation; they will directly determine the country's future in all its aspects. In today's Russia one can clearly observe the clash (or intersection) of two independent processes. One is the demographic process, which, as in all developed countries, is characterized by a rapid aging of the population and a deterioration of its qualitative properties. The second process has an economic foundation and is linked to the country's transition from natural-resource-oriented technologies to innovative technologies that are characteristic of all developed countries. To a large extent, the success of this transition depends on the percentage of the youth cohort in the structure of the work force, since it is young people who are being prepared to be involved in the effective modernization of industry via high-level technologies whose replacement time is increasingly shorter and more intensive. This accounts for the pressing need for special reforms affecting the country's younger generation. At least three sets of vital problems can be discerned in this sphere, which must be solved. The author discusses them in this paper and offers preliminary solutions. She suggests that the low rate of reproduction of the Russian population makes it necessary to ensure that the smaller size of the young population is mitigated by an improvement in its health and education, and the creation of conditions necessary for its intellectual potential to be realized. [This article was translated by Kim Braithwaite.] Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Family Planning; Public Policy; Females; Birth Rate; Pregnancy; Court Litigation; Welfare Services; Taxes; One Parent Family; Early Parenthood; Health Programs; Health Services; Health Insurance; Contraception; Access to Health Care

Abstract:
This retrospective reviews the policies that affect the fertility of American women, both policies designed to alter fertility intentionally as well as those that change childbearing unintentionally. Becker's seminal work on the economics of fertility serves as the theoretical foundation for this literature. After describing Becker's economic model, we review the empirical literature on fertility responses to social welfare policies, tax policies, the mandated health care coverage of infertility treatments, abortion policies, and government-sponsored family planning services. We also address several Supreme Court cases that have played an important role in the interpretation of these policies. Where relevant, this retrospective describes the distributional effects of these natalist policies. We also discuss the limitations of this literature and identify important gaps. Unlike most developed countries that have created strategies to increase fertility to support their ageing population, the United States spends considerably less time and thought on this issue. Our reading of the literature suggests that we have many public policies that have affected and continue to influence the fertility choices made by families in the United States and that this is a topical area that deserves more attention in policy debates. (Contains 38 footnotes and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Teacher Education; Higher Education; Teaching (Occupation); Birth Rate; Educational Change; Foreign Countries; Job Security; Teacher Education Programs; Labor Market; Teacher Supply and Demand; Teacher Qualifications; Employment Opportunities; Educational Finance; Social Problems; Social Influences; Barriers

Abstract:
Background: Hong Kong is currently a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It has autonomy over many policy areas, including finance and education. It is a community of seven million people, which has changed its focus and identity significantly over the last 25 years, from predominantly manufacturing to a service and knowledge economy with particular strengths in financial services. Purpose: This paper will consider the market for teacher education places and the market for teachers, and explore the career intention and commitment implications of high numbers of well qualified applicants applying for teaching in the context of reduced work opportunities elsewhere, an increasing higher education focus on intake scores and the challenge, for the teaching profession and the education system, of teaching becoming less secure work. Sources of evidence: Governmental and institutional publications and data, along with research and survey findings, together with comparative literature underpin the reactions to past, present and possible future effects on teacher education in Hong Kong. Main argument: Given its financial focus, Hong Kong would be expected to suffer significantly during the recent financial crisis and that this would impact across all its sectors including Education and Teacher Education. In addition to the financial crisis, other changes have affected teacher education in Hong Kong, including major reforms in curriculum and school and higher education structure and a significantly diminished birth rate reducing posts in teaching, and raising concerns about job security. Conclusions: Hong Kong is a very prudently managed economy with substantial reserves and a commitment to "small government" and the impact has been different from many other systems. Places on teacher education programmes remained unchanged. Applications for teacher education programmes however increased significantly during the crisis. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Home Economics; Childlessness; Foreign Countries; Peer Acceptance; Age; Religion; Educational Attainment; Models; Surveys; Social Studies; Parent Attitudes; Community Attitudes; Theories; Decision Making; Birth Rate; Spouses; Family Relationship; Family Environment

Abstract:
The prevalence and social acceptance of childlessness have increased in recent decades. Still, little is known about how this social acceptance is shaped, the extent to which approval of childlessness differs across Europe, and what factors cause potential cross-national variation. The authors used data from the European Social Survey 2006 (N = 36,187) to examine the attitude toward voluntary childlessness in 20 countries. Results from multilevel models were largely in line with expectations derived from Second Demographic Transition theory concerning traditional orientation, age, religiousness, education, and stage of Second Demographic Transition in a country. The results also corroborated individual-level expectations on the role of gender and socioeconomic status based on New Home Economics theory. One country-level indicator, child-care availability, was not related to the attitude toward childlessness. The current study provides new insights into explaining cross-national differences in the attitude toward childlessness and more generally into the process of fertility decision making. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intelligence Quotient; Correlation; Demography; Educational Attainment; Cognitive Ability; Income; Economic Progress; Crime; Health; Birth Rate; Politics; Geography; Climate; Sociology

Abstract:
This paper summarizes the results of 244 correlates of national IQs that have been published from 2002 through 2012 and include educational attainment, cognitive output, educational input, per capita income, economic growth, other economic variables, crime, political institutions, health, fertility, sociological variables, and geographic and climatic variables. (Contains 19 tables.)

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