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Descriptors:
Augmentative and Alternative Communication; Assistive Technology; Visual Aids; Nonverbal Communication; Case Studies; Program Effectiveness; Intervention; Autism; Communication Skills; Literature Reviews; Meta Analysis; Research Reports; Effect Size; Language Impairments; Developmental Disabilities; Communication Disorders

Abstract:
Many individuals with autism cannot speak or cannot speak intelligibly. A variety of aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) approaches have been investigated. Most of the research on these approaches has been single-case research, with small numbers of participants. The purpose of this investigation was to meta-analyze the single case research on the use of aided AAC with individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Twenty-four single-case studies were analyzed via an effect size measure, the Improvement Rate Difference (IRD). Three research questions were investigated concerning the overall impact of AAC interventions on targeted behavioral outcomes, effects of AAC interventions on individual targeted behavioral outcomes, and effects of three types of AAC interventions. Results indicated that, overall, aided AAC interventions had large effects on targeted behavioral outcomes in individuals with ASD. AAC interventions had positive effects on all of the targeted behavioral outcome; however, effects were greater for communication skills than other categories of skills. Effects of the Picture Exchange Communication System and speech-generating devices were larger than those for other picture-based systems, though picture-based systems did have small effects. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Intervention; Developmental Delays; Interaction; Quasiexperimental Design; Fidelity; Participant Characteristics; Outcomes of Treatment; Program Effectiveness; Generalization; Sustainability; Program Implementation; Literature Reviews; Meta Analysis; Behavior Change; Parenting Skills; Parenting Styles; Synthesis; Sample Size; Research Design; Interaction Process Analysis; At Risk Students; Emotional Response; Social Development; Interpersonal Communication; Journal Articles

Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to synthesize the available studies regarding responsive interaction intervention (RII) for children with or at risk for developmental delays with a focus on six dimensions: (a) the characteristics of participants, (b) the features of RII, (c) the measurement of treatment fidelity, (d) the overall effectiveness of RII as reflected by the percentage of studies reporting significant changes in adult or child outcomes, (e) the measurement of maintenance and generalization of RII effects, and (f) the social validity or level of acceptability. Through a search of articles from 1990 to 2010, the authors identified 26 studies (31 articles) employing group experimental or quasiexperimental designs incorporating these dimensions. Overall, the results of the reviewed studies indicated that implementation of RII resulted in significant positive changes in adults' responsive behaviors and children's emotional and social-communicative outcomes. Although the most frequently reported child outcomes were in the social-communication domain, the most consistently significant positive outcomes for parent and child outcomes were in the emotional domain. The authors identify several gaps in this literature and suggest areas where research is needed. (Contains 2 tables and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Educational Technology; Special Education; Intervention; Autism; Mathematics Skills; Skill Development; Handheld Devices; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Special Schools; Special Needs Students; Mathematics Instruction; Instructional Effectiveness; Teacher Surveys; Parent Surveys; Barriers; Behavior Problems; Program Effectiveness; Fidelity; Elementary Secondary Education; Special Education Teachers; Assistive Technology; Urban Schools; Developmental Disabilities

Abstract:
This single subject design study (ABAB) investigated the effects of using iPads[R] in a classwide academic intervention to increase independent task completion and basic math skills of seven students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) enrolled in a special education school for students with moderate to severe disabilities. An additional purpose of the study was to identify the advantages of and challenges to using iPads[R] for classroom instruction. Traditional basic math instruction was used for the baseline phase, while a basic math skill app on an iPad[R] was used for the intervention phase. Math probes were completed and the results recorded for four to five sessions for each of the four weeks of the study. Data on level of teacher prompting and presence of noncompliant behaviors were collected during every phase. Descriptive and visual analysis techniques were used to analyze the data. Findings expand current knowledge of the use of instructional technology with students with ASD and single subject design to document the effect of evidence-based practices in special education. Results were mixed for math skill development but indicated an increase in independent task completion as demonstrated by a decrease in noncompliant behaviors and teacher prompt levels. Findings suggest iPads[R] can be an effective instructional tool to enhance learning and independence. Contributions, limitations, and future research are presented. (Contains 2 figures and 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intervention; Autism; Young Children; Adjustment (to Environment); Effect Size; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Meta Analysis; Behavior Modification; Behavior Problems; Research Methodology; Intelligence Quotient; Program Effectiveness; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
This paper presents an overview of 5 meta-analyses of early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) for young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) published in 2009 and 2010. There were many differences between meta-analyses, leading to different estimates of effect and overall conclusions. The weighted mean effect sizes across meta-analyses for IQ and adaptive behavior ranged from g = 0.38-1.19 and g = 0.30-1.09, respectively. Four of five meta-analyses concluded EIBI was an effective intervention strategy for many children with ASDs. A discussion highlighting potential confounds and limitations of the meta-analyses leading to these discrepancies and conclusions about the efficacy of EIBI as an intervention for young children with ASDs are provided. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intervention; Adolescents; Anxiety; Interpersonal Competence; Autism; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Severity (of Disability); Outcomes of Treatment; Antisocial Behavior; Parents; Social Behavior; Program Effectiveness; Social Development

Abstract:
Anxiety is common among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and may amplify the core social disability, thus necessitating combined treatment approaches. This pilot, randomized controlled trial evaluated the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of the Multimodal Anxiety and Social Skills Intervention (MASSI) program in a sample of 30 adolescents with ASD and anxiety symptoms of moderate or greater severity. The treatment was acceptable to families, subject adherence was high, and therapist fidelity was high. A 16 % improvement in ASD social impairment (within-group effect size = 1.18) was observed on a parent-reported scale. Although anxiety symptoms declined by 26 %, the change was not statistically significant. These findings suggest MASSI is a feasible treatment program and further evaluation is warranted. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Intervention; Autism; Developmental Disabilities; Prompting; Positive Reinforcement; Food; Eating Disorders; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Adolescents; Females; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
Food selectivity is a common problem among children and youth who have intellectual and developmental disabilities or autism spectrum disorders. Whereas most intervention research has been conducted under simulated conditions in clinic and hospital settings, this study evaluated teacher implemented procedures at a specialized school. The participant was an adolescent girl who had autism, chronic food selectivity, and disruptive mealtime behavior. Before intervention, she ate a restrictive diet comprised primarily of "crunchy" foods. During intervention, teachers applied paced-prompting, differential positive reinforcement, and demand fading to gradually increase the quantity of novel foods the girl consumed. Her improved consumption maintained seven-months post-intervention. We discuss elements of the intervention plan and a focus on natural-setting feeding research. (Contains 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Autism; Intervention; Reinforcement; Models; Preschool Children; Males; Speech Communication; Verbal Communication; Preschool Education; Private Schools; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Communication Skills; Articulation (Speech); Self Destructive Behavior; Generalization; Outcomes of Treatment; Behavior Problems; Developmental Disabilities; Stimuli; Young Children

Abstract:
Students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have difficulties with verbal language. Many interventions to remediate such deficits require numerous materials and significant teacher time. This study sought to determine if a simple multi-component intervention that incorporated noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and verbal modeling would result in increased spontaneous verbal requesting in two preschool boys with autism. Results indicated that the participants did increase use of spontaneous and imitated verbal requests. Implications are discussed. (Contains 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Academic Achievement; Academic Persistence; Academic Support Services; Access to Computers; Access to Education; Access to Information; Accounting; Acoustics; Administration; Adolescents; Alignment (Education); Appropriate Technology; Art Teachers; Artificial Intelligence; At Risk Students; Attention; Autism; Automation; Barriers; Behavior Change; Biology; Books; Brain; Business Administration Education; Business; Calculus; Career Exploration; Career Readiness; Case Studies; Causal Models; Cerebral Palsy; Change Agents; Classification; Classroom Communication; Classroom Environment; Client Server Architecture; Cognitive Processes; Cognitive Science; Cognitive Structures; Cognitive Style; Collaborative Writing; College Faculty; College Freshmen; College Instruction; College Readiness; College Students; Color; Communication (Thought Transfer); Communication Skills; Communications; Communities of Practice; Community Development; Comparative Analysis; Competition; Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Assisted Testing; Computer Games; Computer Interfaces; Computer Literacy; Computer Mediated Communication; Computer Networks; Computer Science Education; Computer Science; Computer Security; Computer Simulation; Computer Software; Computers; Concept Mapping; Constructivism (Learning); Content Analysis; Context Effect; Conventional Instruction; Cooperation; Cooperative Learning; Corporate Education; Correlation; Cost Effectiveness; Creativity; Criteria; Critical Thinking; Cues; Curriculum Design; Curriculum; Data Analysis; Data Collection; Data Processing; Data; Database Management Systems; Decision Making; Delivery Systems; Design; Development; Difficulty Level; Disabilities; Discovery Learning; Distance Education; Educational Research; Down Syndrome; Dropouts; Ecology; Editing; Educational Assessment; Educational Attainment; Educational Environment; Educational Finance; Educational Games; Educational Media; Educational Objectives; Educational Practices; Educational Psychology; Educational Quality; Educational Resources; Educational Technology; Electronic Learning; Electronic Publishing; Electronics; Elementary Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Emotional Response; Energy; Engineering; English (Second Language); Entrepreneurship; Environmental Education; Epistemology; Equipment; Evaluation Methods; Evaluative Thinking; Evidence; Exhibits; Expertise; Eye Movements; Faculty Development; Feedback (Response); Foreign Countries; Foreign Policy; Forestry; Formative Evaluation; General Education; Geographic Location; Global Approach; Goal Orientation; Graduate Students; Grammar; Grounded Theory; Group Dynamics; Group Experience; Group Membership; Handheld Devices; Heterogeneous Grouping; High School Students; High Schools; High Stakes Tests; Higher Education; Holistic Approach; Hypermedia; Identification; Imagination; Immigration; Indexing; Indigenous Populations; Influence of Technology; Informal Education; Information Dissemination; Information Literacy; Information Management; Information Retrieval; Information Science; Information Seeking; Information Skills; Information Storage; Information Technology; Inquiry; Instruction; Instructional Design; Instructional Effectiveness; Integrated Learning Systems; Interaction; Interdisciplinary Approach; Internet; Interpersonal Communication; Interpersonal Relationship; Interrater Reliability; Intervention; Introductory Courses; Italian; Item Banks; Kindergarten; Knowledge Level; Laboratories; Laboratory Equipment; Language Role; Learner Engagement; Learning Activities; Learning Experience; Learning Motivation; Learning Processes; Learning Theories; Learning; Lexicography; Lifelong Learning; Likert Scales; Literacy; Logical Thinking; Man Machine Systems; Mathematical Logic; Mathematical Models; Mathematics; Metacognition; Metadata; Middle School Students; Mixed Methods Research; Models; Motivation; Multimedia Materials; Museums; National Programs; Native Speakers; Natural Language Processing; Nonprint Media; Norwegian; Novices; Official Languages; Online Courses; Online Searching; Open Source Technology; Opportunities; Outcomes of Education; Ownership; Pattern Recognition; Peer Evaluation; Peer Relationship; Performance Based Assessment; Personal Autonomy; Personality Traits; Physical Environment; Pilot Projects; Planning; Play; Prediction; Predictor Variables; Preservice Teacher Education; Preservice Teachers; Prior Learning; Privacy; Probability; Problem Based Learning; Problem Solving; Production Techniques; Programming; Public Agencies; Public Policy; Questioning Techniques; Reading Improvement; Reference Materials; Reflection; Relevance (Education); Religious Education; Research Methodology; Role Playing; Scaffolding (Teaching Technique); Schemata (Cognition); Scholarship; School Policy; Science Activities; Science Process Skills; Scientific Methodology; Scores; Search Engines; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Secondary School Students; Selection; Self Control; Self Evaluation (Individuals); Semantics; Semi Structured Interviews; Semitic Languages; Sharing Behavior; Simulated Environment; Social Behavior; Social Networks; Social Studies; Social Support Groups; Social Systems; Special Needs Students; Stakeholders; Standards; Story Telling; Strategic Planning; Student Attitudes; Student Behavior; Student Centered Curriculum; Student Characteristics; Student Empowerment; Student Evaluation; Student Improvement; Student Motivation; Student Surveys; Students; Study Habits; Summative Evaluation; Summer Schools; Sustainability; Synthesis; Systems Analysis; Taxonomy; Teacher Influence; Teacher Student Relationship; Teaching Methods; Teaching Skills; Teamwork; Technical Education; Technical Occupations; Technological Advancement; Technology Integration; Technology Uses in Education; Telecommunications; Test Reliability; Tests; Textbooks; Theory 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Abstract:
The IADIS CELDA 2012 Conference intention was to address the main issues concerned with evolving learning processes and supporting pedagogies and applications in the digital age. There had been advances in both cognitive psychology and computing that have affected the educational arena. The convergence of these two disciplines is increasing at a fast pace and affecting academia and professional practice in many ways. Paradigms such as just-in-time learning, constructivism, student-centered learning and collaborative approaches have emerged and are being supported by technological advancements such as simulations, virtual reality and multi-agents systems. These developments have created both opportunities and areas of serious concerns. This conference aimed to cover both technological as well as pedagogical issues related to these developments. The IADIS CELDA 2012 Conference received 98 submissions from more than 24 countries. Out of the papers submitted, 29 were accepted as full papers. In addition to the presentation of full papers, short papers and reflection papers, the conference also includes a keynote presentation from internationally distinguished researchers. Individual papers contain figures, tables, and references. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Children; Autism; Elementary School Students; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Summer Programs; Intervention; Parent Student Relationship; Fidelity; Interpersonal Competence; Skill Development; Achievement Gains; Communication Skills; Nonverbal Communication; Emotional Response; Outcomes of Treatment

Abstract:
This study examined the feasibility and initial efficacy of a comprehensive school-based intervention (CSBI) for 12 children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, aged 6 to 9 years. Treatment included a 3-week summer preparation program followed by a 10-month CSBI, comprising social skills groups, therapeutic activities, face and voice emotion recognition instruction, an individual daily note, and parent training. Feasibility was supported in high levels of treatment fidelity and teacher- and parent-reported acceptability and satisfaction. Pre-post comparisons suggested that children significantly improved their knowledge of target social skills, ability to identify emotions in facial and vocal expressions taught in the program, and broader emotion recognition skills in child faces. According to parent and teacher ratings, children displayed gains in their use of target social skills and broader social performance. Parents also reported a significant reduction in autism spectrum disorder-related features. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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Descriptors:
Autism; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Augmentative and Alternative Communication; Participant Characteristics; Developmental Disabilities; Multiple Disabilities; Case Studies; Meta Analysis; Intervention; Outcomes of Treatment; Age Differences

Abstract:
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) who cannot speak at all or not intelligibly are frequently taught to use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The majority of the research on the use of AAC with individuals with ASD has been single-case research studies. This investigation involved a meta-analysis of the single-case research on the use of aided AAC with individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), investigating the differential impacts of AAC by participant characteristics. An effect size measure, the Improvement Rate Difference (IRD) was used to analyze 24 single-case studies. Two research questions were investigated concerning (a) the impact of AAC interventions on individuals diagnosed with subcategories of ASD and co-morbid conditions, and (b) the effects of AAC interventions on individuals in different age groups. Results indicated that participants with ASD and no additional diagnoses had better outcomes than others and that participants with ASD and developmental disabilities outperformed participants with ASD and multiple disabilities. Further, preschool-aged participants had better outcomes than elementary-aged and secondary-aged participants. Participants in all diagnostic categories and age ranges had moderate or better effects. (Contains 2 figures and 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

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