Your search found 85077 results.

Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Incidence; Prevention; Head Injuries; Child Welfare; Caregivers; Infants; Foreign Countries; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Individual Characteristics; Child Neglect; Program Development; Physicians; Surveys; Age Differences; Death; Neurological Impairments; Young Children

Abstract:
Objective: We sought to determine the incidence, clinical features, and demographic profile of head injury secondary to suspected child maltreatment (abuse or neglect) in Canada to help inform the development and evaluation of prevention programs for abusive head injuries. Methods: From March 1, 2005 to February 28, 2008, an average of 2,545 paediatricians and paediatric subspecialists were surveyed monthly through the established network of the Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program. We calculated incidence rates using the number of confirmed cases over the product of the duration of the study (3 years) and population estimates by age group. Results: There were 220 confirmed cases of head injury from suspected child maltreatment. The annual incidence rate was 14.1 per 100,000 for children less than 1 year of age and 1.4 per 100,000 for those less than 15 years. Seventy three percent (141) of cases involved infants less than 12 months of age and 52% (100) of cases involved infants less than 6 months of age. Seventy-five percent (165) of cases presented to the emergency room. With regard to outcome, 12% (27) of cases resulted in death and 45% (75) of survivors had neurological sequelae at discharge. Thirty percent (67) of all cases, as well as 30% (8) of deaths were previously known to child welfare authorities. Conclusion: This study provides an estimate of the rate of head injury secondary to suspected child maltreatment in Canada. The young age and poor medical outcomes of those involved highlights the need for prevention efforts that are implemented early in life. Given that a significant percentage of injured infants and children were already known to child welfare authorities, the study also highlights the need to establish and evaluate additional preventive efforts for parents and caregivers already in the child welfare system. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Child Abuse; Incidence; Infants; Children; Age Differences; Hospitals; Head Injuries; Clinical Diagnosis; Coding; Foreign Countries

Abstract:
Objectives: Little is known regarding the epidemiology of child maltreatment in Asian countries. This study aimed to examine the incidence of hospitalization coded as due to child maltreatment in Taiwan. Methods: We used inpatient claims data of the National Health Insurance for the years 1996 through 2007 for estimation. Hospitalization of children aged 0-12 years with an ICD-9-CM code 995.5 ''maltreatment syndrome'' or E960-E969 ''assault'' in the main or secondary discharge diagnosis in claims data was defined as hospitalization due to child maltreatment. Poisson regression was used to examine the trends. Results: A total of 1,726 children with 1,780 hospitalizations due to child maltreatment were identified during 1996-2007. The averaged annual incidence over 1996-2007 was 13.2/100,000 for infants, 3.5/100,000 for children aged 1-3 years, 2.1/100,000 for children aged 4-6 years and 3.3/100,000 for children aged 7-12 years. The incidence increased most among the infant group, from 4.8/100,000 in 1996-1997 to 25.4/100,000 in 2006-2007, a greater than 5-fold increase. The magnitude of the increase in incidence decreased with age, and no change in incidence was noted among children aged 7-12 years. The drastic increase in incidence in infants since 2003 corresponds with the introduction of use of ICD-9-CM code 995.55 ''shaken infant syndrome'' in Taiwan since 2003. Head injury was the main type of injury in all age groups. Conclusions: The incidence of hospitalization coded as due to child maltreatment in Taiwan differed by age group. Infants had the highest and the largest increase in incidence during the past decade. The increase might be due to improvement in awareness, competence and willingness to diagnose child maltreatment of medical staff in hospitals during the past decade after the revision of Child Welfare Law in 1993 and the new ICD-9-CM code for ''shaken infant syndrome'' being used since 2003. Practice implications: Physicians and nursing staff should be aware of and provide the detailed and specific information needed for proper discharge diagnosis coding, from which valid estimation of the incidence of hospitalization due to child maltreatment can be made. Administrative data should include both the N-code and E-code for each case of child maltreatment hospitalization to provide more complete information. (Contains 1 figure and 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Prenatal Care; Child Abuse; Mothers; Hospitals; Head Injuries; Alcohol Abuse; Pregnancy; Infants; Adolescents; Brain; Incidence; Foreign Countries; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Pediatrics; Young Children; Accidents; Toddlers; Comparative Analysis; Gender Differences; Age Differences; Early Parenthood; Substance Abuse; Fathers

Abstract:
Objectives: Determine the prevalence, clinical signs and symptoms, and demographic and family characteristics of children attending a tertiary care hospital in Mexico City, Mexico, to illustrate the characteristics of abusive head trauma among this population. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of infants and children under 5, who suffered head trauma and were admitted to the National Pediatrics Institute in Mexico City, a tertiary care referral center. We reviewed medical records and extracted data on clinical and neurological signs and symptoms, fundus, radiological (long bones, thorax, CAT scan), and laboratory tests. We administered a standardized questionnaire assessing child abuse and neglect to the parents of the children included in the study. Results: One hundred and twenty children, under 5 presenting with head trauma, were recruited, 13 (11%) were considered abusive head trauma (AbHT) and 107 (89%) were diagnosed as accidental head injury (AcHI). The AbHT group comprised younger infants (mean age 8 months) and the AcHI group included toddlers about an average of 25 months. To account for this significant age difference, we performed a comparison of age matched cases. The children in the AbHT were more likely to be female, the result of the first unintended pregnancy and the children of younger mothers (17-19). Mothers in this group had attended fewer than 5 prenatal care visits and fathers had a history of alcohol abuse. Five (38%) of the 13 AbHT children did not survive their injuries and overall showed greater neurological and respiratory compromise, increased prothrombin time (PT), and lower hematocrit values. The most common intracranial injuries suffered by children in the AbHT group were subdural/epidural hematoma and parenchymal/subarachnoid hemorrhage. Retinal hemorrhage was the most frequent ocular injury. Conclusions: In a tertiary care children's hospital, 11% of the children presenting with head trauma, were considered of abusive origin. Unintended pregnancy among teen mothers and substance abuse in the father were associated with abusive head trauma in this descriptive study. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Genetics; Vignettes; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Psychotherapy; Asperger Syndrome; Psychology; Infants; Genetic Disorders; Drug Therapy; Neurological Impairments; Outcomes of Treatment; Interaction; Intervention; Environmental Influences; Autism; Observation; Parent Child Relationship; Child Psychology; Attachment Behavior; Clinical Diagnosis; Etiology

Abstract:
This paper explores further the vast topic of child neuropsychiatric disorders--ADHD in particular. It refers to and expands on issues debated in an earlier paper "Ritalin for whom?". In that paper, it was argued that those who benefitted most from children taking Ritalin were parents and teachers struggling with uncontained and out-of-control children under five, as well as doctors constrained by scarce resources and long waiting lists in NHS child services. This paper looks at the complex, inextricable and still somewhat mysterious interaction between genetic and environmental factors and what is meant by "genetic disorder" when, for example, the diagnosis of autism, Asperger's syndrome, ADHD is made. The author explores various avenues of research and focuses on the contribution of the psychological perspective offered by psychoanalytic thinking and attachment theory to understanding hyperactivity. This paper is mostly a review of theories, research and formulations, which help us explain some of the underlying factors in hyperactive children. Brief vignettes from infant observation, parent-infant psychotherapy and psychoanalytic treatment of children are used to support the main hypothesis that ADHD results from the interweaving of neuropsychological factors from birth onwards and can be treated by psychological interventions. (Contains 1 note.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Intervention; Child Abuse; Prevention; Head Injuries; Familiarity; Child Caregivers; Crying; Infants; Program Effectiveness; Goodness of Fit; Adults; Risk; Safety; Measures (Individuals)

Abstract:
In the last 10 years, over 80% of adults surveyed report some familiarity with Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) and the dangers of shaking infants younger than 2 years of age ([Dias et al., 2005] and [Russell and Britner, 2006]). Hence, in the context of SBS prevention, the question of whether caregivers knew the safety risks of shaking an infant becomes less meaningful than questioning whether caregivers have an awareness of alternate responses they could use to respond safely to the relatively normative occurrence of inconsolable crying (Barr, Trent, & Cross, 2006). Objective: The present work is a continuation of efforts to prevent abusive head injury during infancy particular to SBS by raising awareness and provides prevention professionals with a reliable and shorter, single-page version of the Shaken Baby Syndrome Awareness Assessment (Russell & Britner, 2006). Methods: A sample of 370 adults completed the short version of the measure during 2008. Results: Psychometric results, including Cronbach's alphas and Pearson's correlations, are all significant and meet acceptability standards. Conclusion: These results indicate the short version of the measure is ready for use in the prevention field. Practice implications: The Shaken Baby Syndrome Awareness Assessment--short version is best used to support child abuse prevention professionals in engaging caregivers in a conversation about responding to a crying infant safely. By talking about the responses a caregiver might be willing to use in the high-stress context of an infant's inconsolable crying bout, intervention efforts can be tailored to maximize on caregiver strengths and achieve a high degree of goodness of fit with the values held in the care environment. Increasing the goodness of fit between caregivers' values and the steps recommended through an intervention program supports the likelihood that the behavior described in the program's service plan will be used. (Contains 1 figure.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Identification; Validity; Behavior Disorders; Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; Adolescents; Mental Disorders; Developmental Disabilities; Mental Retardation; Comorbidity; Public Policy; Children; At Risk Persons; Clinical Diagnosis; Incidence; Gender Differences; Correlation; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Intervention

Abstract:
Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities are at heightened risk for mental disorders. Using current diagnostic criteria, disruptive behavior disorders, specifically Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), appear to be the most prevalent co-occurring disorders. However, the validity of ADHD as a diagnosis for children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities remains unclear. The present study examined the clinical presentation of ADHD (prevalence, sex differences, and comorbidity) among adolescents with and without intellectual disability (ID) as well as investigated the validity of ADHD for adolescents with ID by examining similarities in terms of symptom presentation, developmental course, and associated functional impairment. The sample included 142 adolescents and their families, about a third of whom were classified in the ID group and the remaining were in the typically developing (TD) group. Findings indicated that adolescents with ID continue to be at elevated risk for ADHD (risk ratio: 3.38:1) compared to their typically developing peers. Additionally, the presentation of ADHD appeared similar among adolescents with and without ID, supporting the validity of an ADHD diagnosis for this population of adolescents. Implications for public policy and intervention are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Prevention; Motivation; Health Behavior; Evaluation Methods; Intervention; Internet; Control Groups; Experimental Groups; Caregivers; Patients; Web Based Instruction; Clinical Diagnosis; Neurological Impairments; Health Education

Abstract:
The effectiveness of methods to prevent stroke recurrence and of education focusing on learners' needs has not been fully explored. The aims of this study were to assess the effects of such interventions among stroke patients and their primary caregivers and to evaluate the feasibility of a web-based stroke education program. The participants were 36 patients with a clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke within 12 months post-stroke and their primary caregivers. The participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The primary measures included blood chemistry, self-reported health behaviors, sense of control, and health motivation for stroke patients, and caregiver mastery for caregivers. To test the feasibility of the intervention program, the rates of participation and occurrence of technical problems were calculated. The experimental group tended to improve significantly more than the control group in terms of exercise, diet, sense of control and health motivation for the stroke patients and in terms of caregiver mastery for the primary caregivers. The rate of participation in the web-based program was 63.1%. This program, which focuses on recurrence prevention in stroke patients and caregivers, has the potential to improve health behaviors for stroke patients. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Emotional Problems; School Psychologists; Learning Disabilities; Head Injuries; Athletes; Brain; Prevention; Intervention; Neurological Impairments; Cognitive Ability; Adolescents; At Risk Persons; Mental Disorders; Board of Education Policy; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Evaluation Methods; Safety

Abstract:
A concussion is a serious injury--a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)--that induces physiological disruption of brain function. A concussion is caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body. The sudden movement causes stretching and tearing of brain cells; cells become damaged and chemical changes occur within the brain. Concussions can lead to cognitive, academic, behavioral, and emotional problems that last beyond that initial period of seeming "dazed." Concussions have been called a "silent epidemic" because symptoms can be subtle and covert. However, several high-profile concussion cases involving professional athletes have turned media attention to concussions. Those stories, coupled with stories on the more than 300,000 troops who have sustained concussions during recent combat, have helped to increase awareness of the potential impact of concussions. Many people who sustain concussions appear to recover fully in 1 or 2 weeks. However, adolescents' brains can take several weeks longer than adults' brains to heal following a concussion. Those at risk for slower recovery include individuals with prior brain illness or injury, learning disabilities, or psychiatric disorders. Thus, school psychologists must be aware of concussion signs and symptoms, educational implications, and assessment strategies. They are also in an excellent position to initiate and sustain systems-level change by promoting prevention and intervention efforts. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Measures (Individuals); Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Validity; Clinical Diagnosis; Memory; Neurological Impairments; Head Injuries; Mental Retardation; English (Second Language); Scores

Abstract:
Reliable Digit Span (RDS) is a heavily researched symptom validity test with a recent literature review yielding more than 20 studies ranging in dates from 1994 to 2011. Unfortunately, limitations within some of the research minimize clinical generalizability. This systematic review and cross-validation study was conducted to address these limitations, thus increasing the measure's clinical utility. Sensitivity and specificity rates were calculated for the [less than or equal to]6 and [less than or equal to]7 cutoffs when data were globally combined and divided by clinical groups. The cross-validation of specific diagnostic groups was consistent with the data reported in the literature. Overall, caution should be used when utilizing the [less than or equal to]7 cutoff in all clinical groups and when utilizing the [less than or equal to]6 cutoff in the following groups: cerebrovascular accident, severe memory disorders, mental retardation, borderline intellectual functioning, and English as a second language. Additional limitations and cautions are provided. (Contains 5 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website

Descriptors:
Jews; Arabs; Incidence; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Public Health; Validity; Depression (Psychology); Clinical Diagnosis; Interviews; Telecommunications; Foreign Countries; Terrorism; War; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Measures (Individuals); Classification; Correlation; Coping; Stress Variables; Role; Intervention

Abstract:
We evaluated the accuracy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depression (MD) diagnoses using brief assessment instruments conducted by phone. PTSD and MD were assessed by telephone interview in a randomly selected sample of Jewish and Palestinian residents of Jerusalem (N = 150) during a period of marked threat of terrorism and war. We utilized the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview Format (Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). We then conducted in-depth, in-person interviews within 2 weeks, assessing PTSD and MD using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Kessler et al., 2004). The prevalence of PTSD and MD diagnosis ascertained by the 2 assessment modalities was similar. Indices of classification accuracy for the phone interview, using the in-person interview as the standard, ranged from modest to high. Brief phone and in-depth in-person measures of PTSD and MD also correlated similarly with other demographic, stress, and coping factors, suggesting convergent validity. Brief phone interviews appear useful for estimating the prevalence of psychological disorders in mass casualty contexts and may have a critical role in both epidemiologic work and guiding public health interventions. (Contains 2 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract

Related Items: Show Related Items

Full-Text Availability Options:

More Info:
Help | Tutorial Help Finding Full Text |  More Info:
Help Find in a Library |  Publisher's website