Coupled with poor infrastructure, vast distances, and harsh climatic conditions, the enormous physical obstacles in the Sudan (Africa's largest country) have combined to produce extremely serious problems for Sudanese children, who will soon constitute half of the 17 million people there. This booklet describes continuing projects implemented by UNICEF to address the Sudan's many basic problems. Topics described are (1) the situation of children, with emphasis on child mortality, malnutrition, preventable diseases, and universal primary education; (2) primary health care problems, programs, and goals, with a focus on community participation, prevention, and hygiene; (3) a clean water supply project involving the drilling of 1,400 wells; (4) the water project in Kadugli, South Kordofan, which included systems for filtering and purifying water; (5) educational assistance programs such as the Inservice Educational Training Institute, the Integrated Rural Education Centers, and special programs for women; (6) social services; (7) UNICEF transport and supply initiatives; and (8) plans for the future. Concluding remarks focus on the southern Sudan, the least developed part of this developing country, and indicate the scale of the problems that continue to exist. (RH)