This report examines research on initiatives intended to restructure military training with a focus on specialized skill training in military schools. Chapter 1 addresses the status of restructuring initiatives. Chapter 2 focuses on a methodology to examine the effects of restructuring and consolidation. It discusses in detail the elements included in the methodology that accomplish the following: match occupations to training approaches; develop alternative courses based on job requirements; assess costs and savings of alternative courses; and conduct clinical trials to confirm effectiveness. Chapter 3 discusses the research context, approach, and results of studies examining these restructuring and consolidation initiatives: distributed training programs; consolidated occupations with expanded on-the-job training; use of civilian resources to provide military training; expanded use of training aids, devices, simulators, and simulations more extensively to substitute for vehicles, equipment, and live-fire training; and consolidation of training institutions. Chapter 4 synthesizes those findings into a series of implications for effectively and efficiently employing restructuring initiatives. Key issues are categorized as consolidation, distribution, outsourcing, and training technology. Appendixes include a brief discussion of some military lessons learned that seem transferable to the civilian sector and 56-item selected bibliography. (YLB)