Initial general discussion of reading and writing is followed by discussions focusing on the process of learning to read, methods and texts, and ways to promote reading. The topic of the way one learns to read is addressed in terms of: (1) a definition of "knowing how to read"; (2) the distinction between teaching and learning; and (3) basic aspects of written and spoken language, including relations between sound and writing, and the structure of spoken and written language, words, and sentences. The process of learning to read is discussed in terms of social, emotional, and perception-related factors, and research on learning to read is examined. Both learner-centered methods and methods based on the written code, such as synthetic, analytic, and hybrid-eclectic methods, are discussed. Reading textbooks and textbook criticisms are considered. Guidelines for the promotion of reading focus on reading at different ages and in various contexts. Particular emphasis is placed on preliteracy, literacy, and postliteracy teaching. Concluding discussion briefly describes experiments around the world aimed at making reading a social practice and a factor contributing to national development. (RH)