The ultimate target of the education and teaching reform in higher education institutions is to improve the quality of teaching and talent training. As a key comprehensive university under the jurisdiction of the provincial government, Heilongjiang University sees its responsibility as training qualified talent to promote local economic construction and social development, and regards teaching and talent training quality as the lifeline of the university's survival and development. Since 1998, in particular, with the rapid expansion of the university and the establishment of teaching management systems at the university and school (department) levels, Heilongjiang University has strengthened the construction of hardware such as basic teaching facilities, attached greater importance to the construction of software (including the teaching management system), and placed more emphasis on self-monitoring, self-assurance, and self-improvement of teaching and talent training quality. One of the important strategic measures is to establish and carry out the "3 + X" teaching and learning evaluation system. The 3 + X teaching evaluation system is a scientific, standard, guidance, and operational evaluation system developed on the basis of modern education evaluation theories by Heilongjiang University during six years of internal evaluation practices. Its features and innovation are reflected in this article.