Administrators and teachers in several large districts nationwide have cheated on standardized tests to make achievement levels look better than they actually were. The offenses range from giving students advance answers to questions on standardized tests, to erasing and changing unsatisfactory answers. As a result of district and state investigations nationwide into cheating allegations, personnel have resigned, retired or been fired, and districts are taking steps from ramping up training to establishing confidential hotlines to try to prevent future incidents. Cheating by administrators and teachers is not new, but it "has escalated considerably" since enactment of the federal No Child Left Behind Act in 2001, with its requirement that schools report Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP). Clearly teachers and principals feel tremendous pressure to raise their students' test scores and meet AYP targets.