On the surface, this chapter concerns the evolution of educational assessment from a paper-based technology to an electronic one. On a deeper level, that evolution is more substantive. In the first section of this chapter, those stages are briefly described and used to place the new generation of assessments being created by the two comprehensive Common Core State Assessment (CCSA) consortia, the Partnership for the Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers (PARCC), and the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (SBAC). Next, some of the more substantive factors that differentiate the most advanced stage from the earlier ones are discussed, as well as the challenges in producing assessments fit for that most advanced stage. In that most advanced stage, such innovations are considered as the continuous testing made possible by electronic learning environments (e.g., games, simulations, e-books, massive open online courses). This section identifies, in passing, advanced features that the CCSA consortia are actively incorporating, as well as ones to which they might at some point aspire. Finally, a conclusion is offered, including suggestions for research.