Preparation to teach school mathematics should include developing an understanding of classroom mathematical interactions. The research literature and professional expertise agree that a teacher's ability to respond to classroom mathematical interactions depends on her understanding of the subject matter within pedagogical situations. As a consequence, teacher education programs try to cultivate the novice teacher's ability to respond to classroom mathematical interactions by developing the integration of mathematical and pedagogical thinking. This study re-evaluates that commitment, giving attention to current cognitive models of teachers' integration of knowledge and to practice-based approaches to teacher learning. Unlike previous studies on teachers' professional knowledge, this research provides a micro-perspective on teachers' responses to student utterances. Using extended dialogues from the classrooms of two experienced and respected teachers, the study searched for a relationship between the teachers' mathematical and pedagogical thoughts. Analysis drew attention to a complex dynamic: one of association of mathematical and pedagogical thoughts through the teacher's perceptual and situational understanding of the dialogue. Clearly, classroom mathematical interactions were found to include metaphoric paraphrasing of what students said, but little integration. This finding highlights the need to understand better teachers' comprehension of mathematical classroom dialogue from an interactional perspective. At the practical level, the study suggests a greater place in professional development for perceptual mediation of teachers' understanding of classroom interactions. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]