Taken as a whole, this volume can be viewed as an argument for reframing learning research as a human science, one focused on interpreting learning situations and organizing for improving learning in ways that put human agency, values, and engagement with social practices at the center. Each chapter illuminates one or more elements of a human…

In this chapter, the authors present a synthesis of the small, but growing, body of literature examining what some teacher educators are already doing and what all teacher educators need to do to prepare mainstream classroom teachers to teach English language learners (ELLs). While the discussion applies to teachers of immigrant and refugee…

Bilingual education in the United States has been a controversial educational practice since its national inception in 1968. The persistent tension over what kinds of educational programs will help bilingual students can be found across and within states. These disagreements ultimately affect bilingual teacher education programs, as they must…

In order to contribute to efforts of teacher educators, policymakers, and researchers to better prepare mainstream secondary teachers for current and former English language learners (ELLs), this chapter explores recent literature addressing: (1) what teachers need to know about language in general and "academic language" in particular to meet the…

Educational policies for English language learners (ELLs) tend to focus on English language acquisition. In this chapter, the authors argue that educators need to give more attention to the development of bilingualism and biliteracy to draw upon the tremendous intellectual, linguistic, and cultural resources that bilingual children bring to the…

Studies of teacher quality have tended to either ignore or underplay the importance of teachers' competence in teaching academic language and literacies (AL) to all learners, but especially English language learners (ELLs). One critical issue is that the construct of AL is still a subject of intense debate among scholars. Therefore, teachers must…

Over the last several years, calls have been made for the inclusion of multimodal forms of literacy in classrooms (Bamford, 2007), where multimodal can be defined as referring to texts that combine more than one medium (e.g., textual and visual). As adolescents are increasingly interested in visual and hypertextual modes, research has placed the…

The goal of this chapter is to provide a conceptual review of culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) and a synthesis of research that documents its application to immigrant children and English language learners (ELLs). First, the significance and relevance of CRP are framed in the context of today's student population and the growing gaps in academic…

Scholars have argued for collaborative parent involvement programs for minority students and English language learners' (ELLs) families to improve their academic success. Despite the trend toward collaboration, students' home languages and culture continue to be seen as a liability in the learning process; this sentiment has created a backlash…

In recent decades, the number of school-aged linguistic-minority students in the United States has increased dramatically. Society at large and public schools in particular must be prepared to respond to these students' needs. In public education, the bulk of this responsibility falls on teachers, who are called upon to apply educational policies…

The high-stakes testing climate and the growing immigrant and English language-learning population have changed the face of teaching and learning in today's high schools. In this chapter, the authors emphasize the impact of a new paradigm of schooling based on high-stakes testing on Asian and Latin American students, as they represent the largest…

The schooling experience of refugee students in the United States is inherently complex and demonstrates tensions between students' high aspirations and true opportunities present within the host culture. The majority of refugees view education as the key to economic mobility and hope for the future. However, the literature on refugee achievement…

In this paper, the author focuses on how globalization and education are addressed in research. More precisely, he concentrates on only one dominant approach to analyzing globalization and its effects on education and also the educational role within globalization. His thesis is that, with the background of Max Weber's Protestant ethic thesis,…

The purported "liquidity" of knowledge is often posed as one of the defining characteristics of the present "age of globalization." Liquidity describes the present moment as one marked by flows, flexibility and flux, and it also can be invoked to define the here-and-now by suggesting contrasts and departures from earlier historical eras. This…

Both in the United States and the United Kingdom there has been a recent resurgence of interest and support for "new localism" in response to the need to provide local solutions to national complex problems. In this paper, the authors begin by exploring the contextual framework in the U.S. and the UK, explaining recent policy reform and…