Presents some considerations about the variable of "wait time," a pause after a teacher question so that students can think or a pause after a student statement. (PEB)

Points out the fact that Piaget's objections to tests as ways of identifying cognitive structures and processes have been largely ignored in most of the replication studies conducted by English and American psychologists. (PEB)

Effects of external reinforcement and cognitive conflict-based treatments on students' acquisition of ability to control variables at an early age were studied. Smedslund's finding was confirmed. Nearly half of trained students with a mean age of 11.8 years could be classified in late formal operations. (CC)

Discusses sources of science teachers' and educators' misconceptions about scientific endeavors and describes poor practices in science teaching. Identifies three styles of research reports appearing in the Journal of Research in Science Teaching'' as results of these romantic views of science. (CC)

Studied the effectiveness of using checklist-structured observations as a self-improvement technique for modifying teachers' verbal behaviors in the classroom. Concluded that significant changes were found in analyzing pre- and post-treatment audiotape recordings of participating teachers' regular classes. (CC)

Discusses the number of observations necessary to obtain a trustworthy sample of classroom transactions by reanalyzing existing data. Eleven to twenty observations appear necessary for teachers' questions which require students to hypothesize. The reliability of a single observation was zero for four other questioning types. (CC)

Discusses reasons for failure of traditional science programs in contrast with current improvements in science teaching. Indicates that the difficulty of justifying science study will be removed if the use of science by nonspecialists can be proved interpretive rather than replicative or applicative through research studies. (CC)

Describes the development of two forms of the Checklist for Assessment of Science Teachers and their application to preservice teachers. Reveals that differences in classroom activities and student-teacher relationships are found between the treatment and nontreatment teacher groups, but not in teacher personal adjustment. (CC)

Studied the effectiveness of using a Piaget-based structured program to enhance correlative thinking of fifth, seventh, and ninth grade children. Concluded that ninth grade students profited from learning of logical operations although some had difficulty with the equivalence and reciprocal exclusion operations. (CC)

Studied the effectiveness of using a structured set of exercises to help sixth and eighth grade students in learning compensatory tasks. Concluded that students in the formal operations stage could benefit from training on logical operations. (CC)

Studied the effectiveness of using small individual molecular model kits to enhance achievement by university freshmen in a chemistry course. Concluded that students with experience of visualizing chemical concepts shifted their methods of learning from mere rote recall to critical reasoning. (CC)

Studied the effectiveness of using a prior knowledge of behavioral objectives in instruction to enhance ninth grade students' achievement in and retention of physical science learning. Concluded that the use of behavioral objectives was effective both in individualized and whole class instruction. (CC)

Criticizes Gene Glass' recommendations on the use of creative geniuses'' to mediate'' basic knowledge from allied sciences and to create curriculum materials. (CC)

Criticizes the Ring and Novak article in terms of factor identification, conclusion validity, and random nature of fact retention. Indicates that their reported evidence is insufficient to support the conclusions. (CC)

Presents information gained from a study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of providing students with behavioral objectives, with a secondary purpose being to evaluate achievement results across the first four levels of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives. No significant differences were found between knowledge and comprehension or…