This article explores the existing and potential relationships between computer use and mathematical literacy. Specifically focusing on data obtained from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), the article describes some analyses of educational practices in U.S. schools in relation to various types of computer use and mathematical literacy. The overall results of this study have made it clear that different types of activities that are performed on the computer are related to different levels and types of thinking, which in turn are associated with very different types of results. The study concludes with a call for more experimental type research on mathematical literacy acquisition and its relationship to technology use. (Contains 4 tables and 2 endnotes.)