Four studies established the reliability and validity of measures for assessing attitudes toward others and sex typing of self in occupations, activities, and traits. A fifth study provided longitudinal data from children tested 4 times from age 11 to 13 years. Data supported conceptual distinctions among individual's gender attitudes toward…

Identifies contributions of Liben and Bigler's studies to gender development related to measuring self and other sex typing, developing a theoretical account of the self-other relation, and incorporating individual differences. Raises questions about measures used and interpretations of the findings. Suggests issues for future research:…

Discusses two major contributions of Liben and Bigler's work: (1) introduction of new measures of sex typing; and (2) the proposal that there are two plausible ways in which gender attitudes and sex typing of self might be related. Considers the importance of context on gender salience for information processing. Asserts that Liben and Bigler's…

Responds to concerns that individual items included as stereotypes in the Occupation Activity Trait Scales (children's and adult's versions) are not highly stereotyped. Discusses future directions for research, noting that a developmental approach is critical to understanding gender differentiation establishment and that it is also important to…

Assessed fourth, seventh, and tenth graders' social reasoning about exclusion in three social contexts: friendship, peer, and school. Found that there were significant patterns of reasoning about exclusion for the context, the target of exclusion, and the degree to which social influence, authority expectations, and cultural norms explained…

Analyzed 1.5- and 2.5-year-olds' problem solving and learning. Found that changes in toddlers' strategies could be assessed reliably on a trial-by-trial basis, that changes followed the basic form predicted by the overlapping waves model, and that analyses could reveal information about the qualitative and quantitative aspects of their learning.…

Discusses the importance of modeling, hints, and other information contexts for providing a link to establishing new problem-solving strategies for toddlers and older children. Discusses the use of the microgenetic approach for yielding valuable information about strategic development despite the lack of availability of verbal reports. Suggests…

Discusses five areas concerning Heatherington et al.'s study: nature and nurture issues; deviance versus normative behavior in stepfamilies; context and meaning in different types of families; intersecting developmental trajectories; and gender differences. (JPB)

Examined data from 408 pairs of identical, same-sex fraternal twins at 14, 20, and 24 months to assess cognitive development and to identify genetic and environmental influences on phenotypic similarity. Found various patterns of development for separate constructs, for females versus males on each construct, and for individuals across constructs.…

Reports a series of studies conducted to investigate possible differences in the exploratory manipulation and play behavior of human infants 7-1/2- 11-1/2 months of age as a function of the attributes of the stimulus, the familiarity of the subject with the stimuli, the age and sex of the infants, and individual differences. (Author/CS)

Verbal and nonverbal behaviors of fifty 2-year-old children and their mothers were recorded during free play, departure, and separation situations. Measures of the child's and mother's cognitive abilities and maternal cognitive style were also obtained. Sex and social class differences in child and maternal behaviors within each situation were…

This monograph describes the patterns, sequences, and timing of physical changes during adolescence for 94 girls studied longitudinally from childhood to maturity. Amount of growth attained, increments, and velocities of growth for several somatic dimensions are analyzed. Results are compared with corresponding findings obtained in an earlier…

The present study examined relations between behaviors of mothers and children. The analysis of relations over time suggested that stimulating responsive maternal behavior influenced the child's intellectual development, whereas in the area of social relations the child's behavior influenced the mother. (CS/Author)

This monograph describes the development of the Metaphoric Triads Task (MTT), an instrument designed to assess metaphoric comprehension. Validity and reliability of the instrument are discussed and data for 12 samples of subjects are reported. Sex differences were negligible, but progressive improvement in MTT score with age was noted. Pictorial…

A three-year longitudinal study was conducted to measure two aspects of adolescents' self-concept development: continuity/discontinuity and stability/instability. Results indicated that adolescent self-concept results from continuous growth based on social circumstances and cognitive skills and competencies. (Author/DB)