Data from 2,000 Norwegian 16-year-old ninth graders were used to study the importance of socioeconomic factors and sex differences in an educational system with mainstreaming, no ability grouping, little acceleration, and no retention in grade. Analysis illustrates how sex and socioeconomic differences may be mediated in an egalitarian society.…

This article argues for the importance of studying word-recognition strategies in the assessment of dyslexia. The dual-route model is defended despite attacks from supporters of computational models of modern connectionism. A computer-based diagnostic test battery is described and illustrated via 2 case studies of 15-year-old dyslexic boys in…

Using data from the Jyvaskyla (Finland) Longitudinal Study of Social Development, teachers' abilities to estimate 326 students' (155 females and 171 males) career resources were assessed. Peer estimation of social skills and teacher assessment of academic achievement were found to be correlated with teachers' predictions of career success. (TJH)

A model was proposed to account for the possibility that recognition of the social desirability of tolerance influences the stated attitudes of persons with more education. The model, which takes into account potential distortions, was applied to a survey of Norwegians about new immigrants, and complex findings are discussed. (SLD)

The effect of different item formats (multiple choice and open) on gender differences in test performance was studied for the Swedish Diagrams, Tables, and Maps (DTM) test with 90 secondary school students. The change to open format resulted in no reduction in gender differences on the DTM. (SLD)

The role of education in the development of an Eritrean cultural identity is explored against the background of a review of relevant educational provisions in pluralist societies. Multicultural education in Eritrea offers access to a common culture and also to a variety of specific cultures. (SLD)

Four general criteria are proposed for the choice of a metrical solution for a causal effect: (1) compatibility with the effect; (2) ease of communication; (3) lack of measurement error bias; and (4) stability across subjects and situations. These criteria are illustrated for randomized and nonrandomized designs. (SLD)

The extent to which sources of stress, coping resources, background variables, and different ways of coping determined teacher stress in the fall term was studied with 66 Finnish school teachers on 4 occasions. Results showed a clear accumulation of stress as the term advanced. (SLD)

Fifteen subjects ages 6 to 22 years with autistic syndromes and pathological urine patterns with increased urinary peptides were given diets free of gluten and casein and were evaluated at 1 and 4 years. Normalization of urine patterns, a decrease in odd behavior, and improvement in communication skills were found. (SLD)

This article traces the shifting profile of the elementary school teaching profession in Finland over 130 years in relation to changes in the model of citizenship, acknowledging the role of the Scandinavian welfare state. Mass education has assigned teachers a crucial role in the initiation into adulthood. (SLD)

The relationship between gender and mathematical achievement was investigated in 440 female and 480 male Norwegian third graders. Boys had higher test scores, but the effect size was small. Boys performed better in numeracy, mental arithmetic, and measurement problems. Marked gender differences were found at extreme tails of the distribution.…