This book presents results from a four-year project addressing the central question: What factors, challenges, and contexts contribute to and constrain literacy achievement among at-risk adolescent learners with culturally diverse backgrounds? Researchers consider the importance of several, interrelated factors that support the development of adolescents' literacies in multilingual contexts: support from educators, community groups, families, and peers; recognition of the multi-faceted complexity of literacy through multiple, complementary methods of research and assessment; approaches to pedagogy that engage learners' zones of proximal development in humanistic and purposeful ways; and promoting students' vocabulary knowledge, strategies for reading, writing, and learning, and orientations to engaging with epistemic purposes of literacy critically, through multiple media, and with self-confidence. Contents include: (1) Purpose and Approach (Alister Cumming and Esther Geva); (2) Tutoring Adolescents in Literacy: A Thematic Synthesis of Published Research (Robert Kohls and Jennifer Shade Wilson); (3) Pathways to Education and its Accomplishments (Norman Rowen); (4) Students and Their Social Networks for Literacy (Jennifer Shade Wilson); (5) Reading Practices and Achievement (Seung Won Jun and Yuko Watanabe); (6) Writing Practices and Achievement (Mohammed Al-Alawi and Robert Kohls); (7) Issues in Socialization, Literacy Learning, and Educational Processes (Alister Cumming, Mohammed Al-Alawi, and Yuko Watanabe); (8) Bridging Lexical Knowledge and Literacy (Daphne Meng-Ying Lin, Gloria Ramirez, Jennifer Shade Wilson, and Esther Geva); (9) Tutoring in the Zone of Proximal Development (Ibtissem Knouzi); and (10) Summary and Recommendations (Alister Cumming and Esther Geva). Appended are case studies of seven focal students: (A) Angel: A Resistant, Multilingual Learner Case Study by Yuko Watanabe; (B) B. Hassan: An Independent Learner with Future Goals Case Study by Mammed Al-Alawi; (C) Jacob: An Introverted Learner, Needing English Vocabulary Case Study by Seung Won Jun.; (D) K-9: A Creative Student Pursuing Vocational Education Case Study by Robert Kohls; (E) MMFresh: A Goal-Oriented, Multilingual Student Case Study by Mario E. Lopez-Gopar; (F) Ning: A Recent Immigrant Student Case Study by Jennifer Shade Wilson; and (G) Peter: An Affable, Distracted Lad Case Study by Gloria Ramirez H. Score. Also included are Summaries for 7 Case Study Students on 5 Assessments.