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50 Years of ERIC
50 Years of ERIC
The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is celebrating its 50th Birthday! First opened on May 15th, 1964 ERIC continues the long tradition of ongoing innovation and enhancement.

Learn more about the history of ERIC here. PDF icon

Showing all 7 results
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert; Umbach, Paul D. – Review of Higher Education, 2001
Based on data from American Council on Education surveys, developed four career trajectories to a college presidency and how they are related to the demographic and professional backgrounds of presidential incumbents in different types of institutions; findings suggested how presidential aspirants and institutions may increase gender and ethnic…
Descriptors: Administrator Characteristics, Administrator Qualifications, Administrator Selection, Background
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert – Review of Higher Education, 1986
The cognitive processes through which college presidents make inferences and learn may bias their judgments under uncertain conditions. Data indicate that these biases may cause them to overestimate their own effectiveness. Leadership is in part a social attribution used by leaders and by followers to explain unusual organizational processes.…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Bias, Cognitive Style, College Presidents
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert – Review of Higher Education, 1988
A survey of board chairmen, presidents, academic vice presidents, and faculty senate or union presidents investigated (1) their expressed goals, (2) the extent of their agreement (consistency) or disagreement (diversity), (3) organizational characteristics associated with consistency or diversity, and (4) how campus constituents see presidents as…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Change Strategies, College Administration, College Faculty
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert – Review of Higher Education, 1988
A study of college presidents' goals for educational quality and educational access suggests a greater commitment to quality and supports a view of college leadership that is essentially reactive rather than proactive. External forces promoting attention to access issues appear stronger than internal forces. (Author/MSE)
Descriptors: Academic Achievement, Access to Education, Administrator Attitudes, College Presidents
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert; And Others – Review of Higher Education, 1989
The aims and methods of the National Center for Postsecondary Governance and Finance research team that has been studying institutional leadership are described. (Author/MLW)
Descriptors: College Presidents, Higher Education, Interviews, Leadership
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert – Review of Higher Education, 1989
The definitions that college and university presidents offer when they are asked to interpret the meaning of leadership are consistent with leadership theories emphasizing social power, directive influence, and role behavior. Greater attention to the implications of alternative theories focusing on social exchange might help presidents be more…
Descriptors: Administrator Attitudes, Behavior Theories, College Presidents, Colleges
Peer reviewed Peer reviewed
Birnbaum, Robert – Review of Higher Education, 1981
Catastrophe theory, a mathematical technique for studying discontinuous processes such as sudden and dramatic changes in the behavior of a system as a consequence of small changes in controlling factors, is discussed. The "cusp catastrophe" is used to create a three-dimensional model. (Author/MLW)
Descriptors: Change Strategies, Collective Bargaining, College Administration, Decision Making