The purpose of this study was to examine the gender differences in the social-psychological constructs of confidence, anxiety, and attitude as they relate to jazz improvisation participation. Three subscales of the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Survey (1976) were modified for this task, and surveys (N = 332) were given to students of various ages participating in jazz programs. Returned surveys (N = 137, 41% return rate, 83 men, 54 women) were analyzed using a MANOVA design with gender, school level, and instrument choice as the independent variables. A main effect was found for gender, and a subanalysis revealed significant differences between men and women on all three dependent variables confidence, anxiety, and attitude at the level of p less than 0.05. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were 0.93 for confidence, 0.93 for anxiety, and 0.88 for attitude. Results suggest that social-psychological issues are influencing female participation in jazz improvisation. (Contains 3 tables.)