This study addressed the cognitive processes of musicians using imagery to improve expressive performance. Specifically, it was an examination of the extent to which musicians translate imagery into explicit plans for the sound properties of music. Eighty-four undergraduate and graduate music majors completed a research packet during individual practice sessions. Subjects worked with three melodies, each accompanied by an imagery example presented as a teacher's instructions for performing more expressively. The research packet guided subjects in considering the imagery-based instruction, practicing in light of it, and giving a final performance. The subjects wrote down their thoughts during the process. Results indicated that some musicians used a cognitive translation process, but others chose to develop and personalize the provided imagery. A curvilinear pattern in the data suggested an inverted-U relationship between the variables of private instruction received and cognitive translation usage. An interpretation of this result in light of previous research is offered. (Contains 2 tables and 1 figure.)