Using data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and the New England Common Assessment Program (NECAP), this report examines how gender gaps differ between Vermont NAEP scores and U.S. NAEP scores and between Vermont NAEP and NECAP scores in grades 4 and 8. Overall and disaggregated by poverty and disability status, gender achievement gaps in Vermont resembled those in the country as a whole except in a few cases. Appended to this document are: (1) Data sources, research methods, and limitations; (2) The Vermont National Assessment of Educational Progress and the New England Common Assessment Program; (3) Student demographics for Vermont and the country, 2005/06; (4) New England Common Assessment Program cases used in analyses; (5) Vermont and U.S. National Assessment of Educational Progress scale scores and gaps; and (6) Vermont New England Common Assessment Program and National Assessment of Educational Progress scale scores and effect sizes. (Contains 2 boxes, 5 figures, 29 tables, and 7 notes.) [This report was prepared for the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education by Regional Educational Laboratory Northeast and Islands administered by Education Development Center, Inc.]