Numerous epidemiological studies from the early years of the tragic HIV and AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa identified formal education as a risk factor increasing the chance of infection. Instead of playing its usual role as a preventative factor, as has been noted in many other public health cases, until the mid-1990s educated African men…

This article examines the influence of instructional time on achievement, particularly from the perspective of national implementation of schooling and national levels of achievement in mathematics. The report is in four sections. The first section provides a brief introduction to the idea of instructional time as a fundamental educational…