Culturally adapted psychotherapy has potential to improve psychotherapy outcomes for ethnic and racial minorities and solve a decades-long conundrum that alteration of specific ingredients does not improve psychotherapy outcomes. Adaptation of the cultural explanation of illness, known as the anthropological Myth in universal healing practices (Frank & Frank, 1993), may meliorate outcomes for minority clients without violating the evidence of non-specificity in psychotherapy outcomes. Previous meta-analysts have found culturally adapted psychotherapy to be more effective than a set of heterogeneous controls (Griner & Smith, 2006), but relative efficacy versus non-adapted, bona fide psychotherapy controls is unknown. The present multilevel model, direct comparison meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies confirms that culturally adapted psychotherapy is more effective than non-adapted bona fide psychotherapy controls by d = 0.32 for primary measures of psychological functioning. The results also confirm the hypothesis that adaptation of illness Myth improves minorities' recovery, boosting psychotherapy outcomes by d = 0.21. Furthermore, myth adaptation is a solution to the long-standing conundrum of altering psychotherapy ingredients to improve outcomes without violating the substantial evidence of non-specificity within the contextual model of psychotherapy. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]