Women music educators in the USA have been active in public and private schools, churches, and community organizations. In the nineteenth century, Julia E. Crane founded the Crane Institute of Music, the first institution to train music supervisors; and women developed kindergarten programs throughout the US. In the "private sphere," women taught…

Argues that there should be a broader definition of the history of music education by challenging the traditional focus of music education history. Believes that there are four alternative perspectives to the canon in music education: (1) African-Americans; (2) the female experience; (3) African-American women; and (4) music in oral traditions.…