In this article, the author discusses the Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System (TVAAS). He compares and contrasts his ideas with another professional named Haggai Kupermintz of the University of Haifa. Kupermintz asks his questions in the Fall 2003 issue of Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. As for the circularity, Kupermintz notes that most interpretations of TVAAS are causal: the differences in teacher effectiveness produce the changes in test scores.