Seventy-two first-, third-, and fifth-grade Black children heard stories about Black and White students engaged in computer, physical education, social studies, and spelling tasks at school. Children were asked to evaluate the ability, effort, experience of task difficulty, and likelihood of task success for the story characters. Findings…

Peer relations, academic competence, and help-seeking behaviors of Black elementary school children were examined. Results indicated that, in comparison to boys, girls were preferred more as helpers, were perceived to be more academically competent, and sought help from peers more often. The distribution of boys and girls across different peer…

Fifty-three fourth- and fifth-grade Black American students completed questionnaire measures of their preferences for working cooperatively, competitively, and individualistically in their homes and classrooms. Students' perceptions of family members' and teachers' approval of each type of behavior were also measured. Students perceived that…