Discoveries of Charles Babbage in the 1800s are described. Origins of the difference engine, his calculating machine, the principles of computation applied to tables, and the design and construction of his engine are included. (MNS)

Facts are given about the ninth-century Arab mathematician Al-Khwarizmi, from whose name the word algorithm is derived. His influence on algebra and arithmetic are discussed. (MNS)

A brief history of Amalie Emmy Noether is presented, citing many of her contributions to mathematics and physics. Major credit for the development of modern algebra should probably be given to her. Reference is made to Noether's theorem and Noetherian Rings. (MP)

The historical development of probability theory is traced from its early origins in games of chance through its mathematical foundations in the work of Pascal and Fermat. The roots of statistics are also presented beginning with early actuarial developments through the work of Laplace, Gauss, and others. (MDH)

Discusses Napoleon's involvement with mathematics and education. Describes two geometric constructions dividing the circumference of a circle into four equal parts and finding the center of a given circle. Summarizes the establishment of the Institute of Egypt and the educational system in France. Twenty-seven references are listed. (YP)