We tested whether the provision of metacognitive knowledge on how to cope with the complexity of a learning environment improved learning. In an experimental setting, high-school students (N = 60) worked through a computer-based geometry lesson either with or without metacognitive support in the form of a cue card. This cue card encouraged…

Although writing learning journals is a powerful learning tool, instructional support is needed to overcome deficits in the use of self-regulated learning strategies. In a 2 x 2 experimental design with high-school students (N = 70), we analysed the effects of two modes of instruction (namely, informed prompting and learning-journal example) along…

Learning protocols are a self-guided way of writing that allows for elaboration and reflection on learning content. In an experimental study (N = 103), we supported protocol writing with prompts to elicit important strategies as postulated by a cyclical model of self-regulated learning. Students received either (a) no prompts, (b) cognitive…

This field experiment tested whether a special type of worked-out examples (i.e., heuristic examples) helps learners develop better conceptual knowledge about mathematical proving and proving skills than a control condition focussing on mathematical contents. Additionally, we analysed the benefits of self-explanation prompts and completion…

Although writing learning protocols is an effective follow-up course work activity, many learners tend to do it in a rather suboptimal way. Hence, we analyzed the effects of instructional support in the form of prompts. The effects of different types of prompts were investigated in an experiment with four conditions: cognitive prompts,…

Learning from worked examples is an effective learning method in well-structured domains. Can its effectiveness be further enhanced when errors are included? This was tested by determining whether a combination of correct and incorrect solutions in worked examples enhances learning outcomes in comparison to correct solutions only, and whether a…

Most mathematical problems can be solved using different methods. We tested the effectiveness of presenting more than one solution method by means of worked-out examples. In Experiment 1, a 2x3-factorial design was implemented ("multiple solutions": multiple/uniform; "instructional support": none/self-explanations/instructional explanations).…

Reanalyzed findings of an earlier study on learning with worked-out examples (n=56 vocational school students) and identified different ways of dealing with worked-out examples and related them to learning outcomes and learners' mental efforts. Results show that elaboration training had a positive effect on the quality of example elaboration.…

The influence of multiple learning contexts and problem solving guidance on the acquisition of applicable knowledge and subjective learning outcomes in complex learning was studied with 60 economics students from a vocational school. No single learning condition was superior with regard to all learning outcomes. The problem of self-evaluation of…

The extent to which the expectancy of a teaching demand influences learning results was studied with 36 education majors who learned from worked-out examples with or without the expectation that they would have to teach similar examples. Teaching expectancy decreased the superficiality of studying the worked-out examples. (SLD)