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Gandara, Patricia; Orfield, Gary – Language Policy, 2012
The United States is home to the largest number of immigrants of any nation (United Nations 2006). In 2005, 38.5 million residents of the U.S. were foreign born. As a result, an increasing number of children in the public schools are either immigrants or the children of immigrants: more than one of every five. Most of these children come from…
Descriptors: Public Schools, Court Litigation, Second Language Learning, Immigrants
Gandara, Patricia; Baca, Gabriel – Language Policy, 2008
We argue here that the combination of U.S. federal education policy as embodied in the "No Child Left Behind Act of 2001" with the passage of a California state initiative that required that "nearly all classroom instruction [be] in English...for a period not normally intended to exceed one year" in 1998 created a "perfect storm" for English…
Descriptors: Social Justice, Federal Legislation, Academic Achievement, Second Language Learning

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