Each year, teachers are overwhelmed with too much to cover and an endless list of things to accomplish between the first bell and the final report card. In addition to helping students master mandated curriculum and prep for standardized tests, there seems to be a never-ending stream of surprise fire drills and last-minute assemblies that rob…

Nearly 30 years ago, Ron Edmonds identified the instructional leadership of principals as one of the characteristics of effective schools. The connections between what principals do as instructional leaders and the successes of their schools continue to be well recognized. Principals who comprehend the significance of these linkages, however,…

A fundamental challenge facing students who are English Learners is the interplay of oral language development--being able to speak and understand a language--and literacy development--learning to read and write the language. This interplay is especially challenging because each developmental process--oral language development and literacy…

The use of data-driven practices to improve classroom instruction and student learning is part of the climate of public education accountability today. Response to Intervention (RtI), Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), and the use of reading assessments are examples of current initiatives that require teachers to collect and…

How can teachers make learning exciting for students who are immersed in the digital age of television, interactive computers, video games, and Internet entertainment? To meet this challenge, teachers continually look for ways to motivate and involve their students. One option for bridging the gap between traditional learning environments and the…

Now administered in 27 states and affecting 65 percent of all students, high school exit exams are gaining influence on teaching and learning because they constitute tests with extraordinarily high stakes. But what happens when students fail a high school exit exam? Few studies address the best way to remediate students in these situations.…

Modifying course plans to accommodate diverse learners seems simple in theory. However, when faced with specific applications, many teachers feel lost. In a school community, they need not feel alone. General classroom teachers have several sources of ongoing support available to help them extend their teaching repertoire to meet their students'…

A number of instructional strategies, if implemented correctly, can be used formatively to assess student learning. The first strategy--developing criteria and setting expectations in the classroom--involves students in the learning process and creates concise goals. "To be successful, students need to understand and know the learning target/goal…

As an amateur photographer, the author seeks surprises amid the mundane. For example, instead of simply photographing a spider's web, she waits until just after it rains and to find the spider's web filled with glistening droplets of water that serve as tiny prisms of light. The mundane suddenly is transformed into something truly amazing. Moments…

In this final article, the authors look at how research on effective instruction for English Learners translates into schools and districts--in other words, where the research meets the classroom. The authors begin by discussing some models for school and district support for English Learner programs. Then, drawing examples from actual schools and…

Current research on the teaching of writing puts some secondary English teachers in a bind. While many teachers understand that the best ways for students to develop into strong writers is to encourage them to select personally relevant topics, de-emphasize mechanics, and provide opportunities to take risks, the message they receive from state and…

This article demonstrates how the use of creative movement and dance offers effective instructional strategies to meet the diverse learning needs of students in an inclusive classroom. Every day in one multi-age, fully inclusive classroom, students are meaningfully engaged in learning through movement--they move to learn science, social studies,…

Many teachers have discovered that their positions require them to communicate effectively with families, team members, and other colleagues. In fact, teachers today indicate that much of their day is spent navigating adult-to-adult interactions for which they feel ill-prepared. Specifically, teachers may not know what to say or how to react when…

The influential report "Teaching Children to Read: An Evidenced-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction" presented recommendations for daily literacy instruction in five key areas: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. Applying techniques to…

The idea of believing in oneself is a construct that goes by several names: (1) self-efficacy; (2) self-concept; and (3) self-esteem. How well a person thinks he or she will do in the completion of a task plays a significant role in how well that person will actually do. Positive self-beliefs have been linked to many benefits, including increased…