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50 Years of ERIC
50 Years of ERIC
The Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) is celebrating its 50th Birthday! First opened on May 15th, 1964 ERIC continues the long tradition of ongoing innovation and enhancement.

Learn more about the history of ERIC here. PDF icon

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Fostering "Habits of Reflection, Independent Study and Free Inquiry": An Analysis of the Short-Lived Phenomenon of General/Liberal Studies in English Vocational Education and Training
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Bailey, Bill; Unwin, Lorna – Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 2008
In 1957, 12 years after the end of World War II, the Ministry of Education issued Circular 323 to promote the development of an element of "liberal studies" in courses offered by technical and further education (FE) colleges in England. This was perceived to be in some ways a peculiar or uncharacteristic development. However, it lasted over 20…
Descriptors: Independent Study, Compulsory Education, Adult Education, Foreign Countries
Making a Sales Advisor: The Limits of Training "Instrumental Empathy"
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Kakavelakis, Konstantinos; Felstead, Alan; Fuller, Alison; Jewson, Nick; Unwin, Lorna – Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 2008
The use of participant observation is relatively rare in qualitative studies of vocational education and training. However, such an approach provides a detailed picture of training content and how what is taught contributes to or impedes learning. Based on participant observation, this paper examines the training of sales advisors in a large chain…
Descriptors: Participant Observation, Salesmanship, Empathy, Conflict of Interest
Reconceptualizing Apprenticeship: Exploring the Relationship between Work and Learning.
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Fuller, Alison; Unwin, Lorna – Journal of Vocational Education and Training: The Vocational Aspect of Education, 1998
The distinction between formal and informal education is unhelpful. A reconceptualized concept of apprenticeship should reconcile the polarization between learner-centered and transmission approaches to instruction. (SK)
Descriptors: Apprenticeships, Education Work Relationship, Foreign Countries, Informal Education
Employer-Led Realities: Apprenticeship Past and Present.
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Unwin, Lorna – Journal of Vocational Education and Training: The Vocational Aspect of Education, 1996
The new youth training initiative in Britain is termed "modern apprenticeship." However, the history of the decline of apprenticeship over the last 30 years raises questions about whether this model can be reinvented to meet contemporary workplace needs. (SK)
Descriptors: Apprenticeships, Foreign Countries, Job Training, Young Adults