This article presents a brief overview of the literature pertaining to the use of objects of reference by people with deaf-blindness. It suggests that the establishment of nonsymbolic object use in appropriate routines may facilitate the acquisition of the symbolic use of objects. (MDM)

This paper outlines the manner in which education is provided for children with intellectual disabilities in China, focusing on programs offered in two special primary schools and a special kindergarten. The paper concludes that there appears to be a very large group of school-aged children who remain unserved by the educational system, especially…

This paper questions the claim that able-bodied individuals cannot understand the experience of disability and that disablism is a socially created form of oppression. It examines social constructivist and social creativist views of disability and argues against the social creativist view as the only fruitful perspective concerning disability.…

This article presents the results of three studies in the learning-potential testing of children from minority groups: (1) Test of Children's Learning Ability; (2) Learning Efficiency Battery; and (3) Learning Potential Test for Ethnic Minorities. It concludes that, although the development of culture-free tests is impossible, it is possible to…

This article provides an overview of special education in Germany, focusing on its historical development, basic structure and administration, regional differences in special education provision, the decline of the special school system, and the increasing reorientation of special education toward the ordinary schools. (MDM)