Schools that fail to make "adequate yearly progress" under NCLB face sanctions and may lose students to other schools. In smaller schools, random yearly variation in innate student ability and behavior can cause changes in scores that are beyond the influence of teachers. This study examines changes in reading and math scores across Pennsylvania's…

Analyses of data from the Illinois Standards Achievement Test (ISAT) show how strongly associated the socioeconomic characteristics of schools are with school outcomes. Factors such as the percentage of students who are poor, percentage black, and the property values within a district explain over 70% of the variance in school outcomes. However,…

Chronic student mobility, and in particular the mobility of students from low-income backgrounds, poses a serious yet underdocumented problem for rural schools. This article combines analyses of state-level school district data with survey and interview data to examine the patterns of low-income student mobility in upstate New York, and to assess…

Since the 1980s, many states have initiated institutional reforms designed to address perceived deficiencies in traditional schooling. Most of these reforms involve stronger linkages between employers and schools. In this article, I examine the factors influencing employer involvement in school-to-work programs and apprenticeships in rural…

Research shows that educational outcomes are no different for pupils in single-grade and multigrade classes. However, little is known about the instructional practices of multigrade teachers. What is known suggests that multigrade teachers tend to employ instructional practices that are not likely to facilitate effective teaching and learning. The…

Little is known about differences in middle school students' motivation and the motivational climate provided across rural and urban settings. We examined change in middle school students' personal mastery goals and perceptions of mastery goal structures in their classes. Results showed students' personal mastery goals and perceptions of mastery…

Rural children and youth represent a substantial minority of U.S. students. The author of this commentary contends that the unique educational needs of rural communities have been largely ignored by the U.S. Department of Education (USDE) and that rural schools are treated as the "poor country cousins" of the U.S. education system. Recent efforts…

Offering a response to the question, "What rural education research is of most worth?", the authors recommend an approach very different from the one taken by Arnold, Newman, Gaddy, and Dean (2005) in their consideration of the rural education research literature. They remind readers that about 150 years ago, Herbert Spencer put a similar…

Howley, Theobald, and Howley (2005) appear to focus on two major issues in their reply to the McREL review (Arnold, Newman, Gaddy, & Dean, 2005): (a) the utility of quantitative study of schools in the "rural lifeworld," and (b) the motivation of McREL staff members for reviewing the content and methods of existing rural education research. The…

In this rejoinder to Howley, Theobald, and Howley's response "What Rural Education Research is of Most Worth? A Reply to Arnold, Newman, Gaddy, and Dean," ("Journal of Research in Rural Education," v20 n18, 2005) to the original paper, "A Look at the Condition of Rural Education," ("Journal of Research in Rural Education," v20 n6, 2005), Arnold…

Previous scholarship on farm families emphasizes the importance of socializing children to become farmers. This study is the first to focus on the parental socialization factors that are associated with preadolescent children's attachment to, and plans to take over, the family farm. Forty-seven 7- to 12-year-old children and their farming parents…

This 2-year evaluative self-study of a cohort teacher preparation program in rural eastern Oregon explored preservice teachers' perceptions of their preparedness to teach diverse students. Using qualitative methods, teacher educators examined preservice teachers' assumptions about student diversity in rural schools where they planned to teach.…

This article describes the teaching practices at Upper Rill School, a 1-teacher school in rural Nebraska. With its 8 students, grades 1 through 8, the teacher considers the school?s size and continuity of student enrollment flexible and generative. Subject matter and grade levels are regularly integrated though common curricula. Instruction is…

Using PISA 2000 data, this article examines cross-national variation in rural mathematics achievement among 15-year olds in 24 industrialized nations. Rural mathematics scores were significantly lower than scores in urban and medium-size communities in 14 of 24 countries. However, patterns were complex. Most commonly, a linear relationship…

The authors searched the ERIC and PsycINFO databases for K-12 rural education research studies conducted in the United States and published in journal articles between 1991 and summer 2003. This search was conducted in order to identify topics that appear in the rural education research literature and determine the quality of this research. Only…