Democracy is a weak and obscure ideal. It is often reasonable to defer to authority, give and take orders, and accept expertise. Pupils must learn to discuss as equals and to give and take orders as superiors and subordinates. Calling the former democratic and the latter authoritarian clarifies nothing. (SR)

John Wilson defends his belief that the punishment of children is logically necessary, or inevitable, and that punishment is the necessary concommitant of serious education. (RM)

Sealey has misunderstood Wilson's position on religious education. Religious understanding must be accountable to the same forms of thought and rational procedure as other forms of understanding, such as science and history, or there is no point in attempting to teach it. (IS)

Clarifies various usages of the term 'concept' and reviews educators' specific views about certain concepts often discussed in educational research. Concludes that the proper strategy for philosophy of education is to clarify concepts and determine conceptual implications. (DB)