Invitational theory uses many elements to define, describe, and delineate its beliefs and practices. For example, the Five Ps of people, places, policies, programs, and processes are consistently cited in the literature and research as the framework for assessing inviting practices. Another example is the presentation of four areas of inviting:…

In their self-concept approach to counseling, Purkey and Schmidt (1996) introduced the tenets and assumptions of "invitational education" (Purkey & Novak, 1996) and applied them to professional helping relationships. Although their model is a general approach to helping and not specific to counseling culturally diverse clients, many of its…

Examines whether students would learn about friendship through guidance lessons led by their teachers with a sample of 5th grade students. Results indicate that students and teachers were receptive to the lessons. Teachers reported behavior change in some students. Students' perceptions showed an increase in using positive behavior toward other…

Examines intentional invitations that challenge, confront, exhort, and persuade people to change their behaviors. Assumes that the sender controls the "intention" and that the receiver determines the degree of "inviting." Suggests that elements of the invitational model serve as a framework to create acceptable inducements in the helping process.…

Presents existence of universal invitations and their relationship to perceptual processes in expanded view of how invitational levels of functioning (Intentionally Disinviting, Unintentionally Disinviting, Unintentionally Inviting, and Intentionally Inviting) are determined. Suggests that particulars, individual's temporal and spatial…