Study of the relative effectiveness of labeled praise (in which the specific behavior being praised is identified) and unlabeled praise given to white preschoolers by their mothers. Also attempted to determine whether social class differences were accompanied by differences in children's responses to or mothers' use of labeled and unlabeled…

A study of the capacity of first graders to use class-inclusion hierarchies for retrieving information. Subjects were asked to recall pictures of familiar objects when given five types of word cues. (JMB)

Presents two studies which investigated the effects of social stimulation on infant's vocalization rates. Experiment I focused on response-contingent and response-independent social stimulation. Experiment II focused on continuous or omitted social stimulation. In both studies, social stimulation increased vocalization and the rate of responding…

Presents an investigation of the hypothesis that specific reading disability is attributable to inadequate visual memory. A total of 126 subjects, ages 7-14, who were asked to demonstrate retention of randomly arranged Hebrew letters on three separate occasions, provided no evidence that deficient visual memory is a likely source of reading…

This study of the understanding of the words "and" and "or" in children, ages 2-7 1/2, indicates that "and" is used to express enumeration, and "or" to express alternatives, and that most children's responses are correct at age 4 and beyond. Differences between the linguistic and logical meaning of connection are discussed. (Author/LLK)

Describes two experiments which investigated the use of distinctive feature codes in the storage of phonetic encoding information by 6- and 7-year-olds during short term memory tasks. A total of 106 children were presented with 30 lists of consonant-vowel syllables for recall. Data indicate that children encode the consonantal phones into sets of…

Examined the effects of two time-out (TO) procedures (within-room and out-of-room), on compliance and oppositional behavior. A total of 24 5-year-olds and their mothers were observed in three experimental conditions, pretraining, training, posttraining. Both out-of-room and within-room TO reduced oppositional behavior and increased compliance.…

This study was designed to analyze developmental differences in the rehearsal strategies of 60 subjects of three age groups. Data revealed significant age differences in recall. Fifth and eighth graders tended to repeat stimulus words immediately after presentation while adults tended to reenter items for additional rehearsal. (LLK)

Investigated memory span and memory scanning in both auditory and visual modalities of 24 good and poor, 10-year-old readers. The major finding was that short-term memory function deteriorated over time in the poor reading group. (Author/LLK)

A total of 28 children were tested for comprehension of spatial antonym pairs with arrays which contained four objects representing both members of two antonym pairs. The results supported a modified semantic-feature hypothesis, in which polarity is acquired before dimension. (Author/LLK)

Presents a series of these experiments which examined cue function in trigram verbal discrimination learning by retarded subjects. The two variables of chief interest were: (1) trigram meaningfulness, and (2) reinforcement history. (Author/LLK)

An investigation of memory development using nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Judgments of similarities between complex objects were obtained from 5-year-olds and adults under two conditions: (1) when objects were simultaneously present at the time of comparison, and (2) when the objects were not simultaneously present and had to be compared on…

Presents a study of the effects of training 18 subjects, 28-40 months, in the use of two-word subject-verb utterances. The study focused on: (1) the number of different semantic relations underlying the subject-verb form in which the child is trained, and (2) the relationship between the semantic relations and ongoing, experimentally manipulated…

A study of the effects of three types of conservation judgments (qualitative, quantitative, and equivalence) on both continuous and discontinuous substances in 24, 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds. Subjects were tested on conservation ability with and without verbal justification. Half of the subjects were provided a memory aid, the other half were not.…